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What nerves provide motor innervation to the facial muscles? Innervation and blood supply of the face. Unpaired facial bones

It often happens that people with dissimilar facial features still have a lot in common in appearance. For example, they might have the same smile, or they might both wrinkle their foreheads when they're upset. This similarity is given to us by the same facial expressions, which are determined by the facial muscles and the facial nerves by which these muscles are innervated. The website has prepared an article about the anatomy of the face, its muscles, nerves, blood vessels and the anatomical structure in general. It will help you learn more about your own physiology, the structure and location of muscles, their contraction, and will also be useful for cosmetologists in studying muscles for performing rejuvenating facial massage.

Anatomical structure of the face

The face is considered to be the section of the head, the upper border of which runs along the upper orbital margin, the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch to the auditory opening, and the lower border is the branch of the jaw and its base. Simplifying this medical definition, we can note that the face is the area of the head, the upper part of which is the eyebrows, and the lower part is the jaw.

The following areas are concentrated on the face: orbital (including the infraorbital region), nasal, oral, chin and lateral areas. The latter consists of: buccal, parotid-masticatory and zygomatic regions. The receptors for the visual, taste and olfactory analyzers are also located here.

Human face skeleton

Regardless of how well developed the facial muscles are, it is the skeleton that determines its appearance. Representatives of the stronger sex are characterized by a powerful bone skeleton, small eye sockets and strongly pronounced brow ridges, while women are distinguished by less pronounced facial bones, rounded eye sockets and wide short noses.

The skull can be divided into two sections: the cranial bones and the facial bones. The brain, eyes, hearing and smell organs are located directly in the skull. The facial part of the skull or facial bones form the frame of the face.

The human face consists of paired and unpaired bones. These include:

upper jaw;
palatine bone;
cheekbone.

Unpaired:

lower jaw;
hyoid bone.

All bones are fixedly connected to each other by sutures and cartilaginous joints. The only movable part is the lower jaw, which is connected to the skull by the temporomandibular joint. At birth, a person has a rounded face shape, since the bone skeleton is very poorly developed. Over time, it transforms, some cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. The formation of the face ends at the age of 16-18 in women and at 20-23 in men.

It happens that people are born with defects of facial bones and cartilage - their deformation due to various factors: birth trauma, or, for example, a genetic disease. The quality of life of such people greatly deteriorates not only aesthetically, but also physiologically. If the bones and nasal cartilage do not fuse properly, breathing problems occur. Sometimes a person, having difficulty inhaling/exhaling, begins to breathe through his mouth, which leads to negative consequences. This kind of problem is solved by plastic surgery, namely rhinoplasty.

Nerve branches on the human face

There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves in total. Each of them is designated in order of location by Roman numerals. There are many nerve branches on the face, the functioning of which is closely related to the facial muscles. Inflammation of these nerves can lead to various changes in appearance and disruption of facial symmetry. Nerve fibers go from the nuclei to the muscles:

olfactory nerve - to the olfactory organs;
visual - to the retina of the eye;
oculomotor - to the eyeballs;
trochlear - to the superior oblique muscle;
trigeminal - to the chewing muscles;
abductor - to the lateral rectus muscle;
facial nerve - to facial muscles;
vestibular-cochlear - to the vestibular department;
glossopharyngeal - to the stylopharyngeal muscle, parotid gland, pharynx and posterior third of the tongue;
vagus - to the muscles of the pharynx, larynx and soft palate;
additional - to the muscles of the head, shoulder and shoulder blade;
The hypoglossal nerve innervates the muscles of the tongue.

1. Olfactory nerve.

Responsible for olfactory sensitivity. On the surface of the nasal mucosa there are neurons of special sensitivity - olfactory. Neurosensory cells transmit information through a neural circuit to the anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus, which is the associative zone of the olfactory system. Thus, pleasant smells inevitably simultaneously cause a salivation reflex, while unpleasant smells cause vomiting and nausea. Perception is also closely related to the formation of the taste of food.

2. Optic nerve.

The fibers of the optic nerve begin in the neurons of the retina, pass through the choroid, tunica albuginea and orbit, forming the beginning of the optic nerve and the orbital part of the nerve in the fatty body, entering the optic canal. The fibers end in the occipital lobe. The optic nerve transmits impulses (the photochemical reaction of the rods and cones of the retina) to the visual center of the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex, where this information is processed.

3. Oculomotor nerve.

This is a mixed nerve, consisting of two types of nuclei. Proceeding from the covering of the cerebral peduncles, which lie at the same level as the superior colliculi of the midbrain roof, the nerve fibers are divided into two branches, the upper of which approaches the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, and the lower, in turn, is divided into three more branches that innervate the medial rectus the eye muscle, the inferior rectus muscle and the oculomotor root leading to the ciliary ganglion. The nuclei of the oculomotor nerve provide adduction, elevation, descent and rotation of the eyeball, innervating 4 of the 6 extraocular muscles.

4. Trochlear nerve.

Its nuclei originate from the tegmentum of the cerebral peduncles at the level of the inferior colliculi of the midbrain roof. It bends around the cerebral peduncle from the lateral side, exits the fissure near the temporal lobe, following the wall of the cavernous sinus, and enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure. Innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye. Provides rotation of the eye to the nose, abduction outward and downward.

5. Trigeminal nerve.

It is a mixed nerve, combining sensory and motor intermediate nerves. The former transmit information about the sensitivity of the facial skin (tactile, pain and temperature), nasal and oral mucous membranes, along with impulses from the teeth and temporomandibular joints. The motor fibers of the trigeminal nerve innervate the masticatory, temporal, mylohyoid, pterygoid muscles, as well as the muscle responsible for the tympanic membrane.

6. Abducens nerve.

Its nucleus is located in the back of the brain, projecting in the facial tubercle. The fibers emerge in the groove between the pons and the pyramid, through the dura mater of the brain, entering the cavernous sinus, entering the orbit, lying under the oculomotor nerve and innervating only one oculomotor muscle - the lateral rectus muscle, which ensures abduction of the eyeball outward.

7. Facial nerve.

Belongs to the group of cranial nerves and is responsible for the innervation of facial muscles, the lacrimal gland, and the taste sensitivity of the anterior part of the tongue. It is motor, but at the base of the brain it is connected by intermediate nerves responsible for taste and sensory perception. Damage to this nerve causes peripheral paralysis of the innervated muscles, which leads to disruption of facial symmetry.

8. Vestibulocochlear nerve.

It consists of two different roots of special sensitivity: the first carry impulses from the semicircular ducts of the vestibular labyrinth, the second carry auditory impulses from the spiral organ of the cochlear labyrinth. This nerve is responsible for the transmission of auditory impulses and our balance.

9. Glossopharyngeal nerve.

This nerve plays a very important role in facial anatomy. It is responsible for the motor innervation of: the peripharyngeal gland (thereby ensuring its secretory function), the muscles of the pharynx, the sensitivity of the soft palate, the tympanic cavity, the pharynx, the tonsils, the soft palate, the Eustachian tube, as well as for the taste perception of the back of the tongue. In addition to the motor sensory fibers inherent in the nerves described above, the glossopharyngeal nerve also has parasympathetic ones. With fractures of the base of the skull, aneurysm of the vertebral and basilar arteries, meningitis and a number of other disorders, damage to the lingual nerve can occur, which leads to consequences such as loss of taste perception of the posterior third of the tongue and the sensation of its position in the oral cavity, absence of pharyngeal and palatal reflexes, such as and other deviations.

10. Vagus nerve.

Contains the same set of nerve fibers as the glossopharyngeal: motor, sensory and parasympathetic. It innervates the laryngeal and striated muscles of the esophagus, as well as the muscles of the soft palate and pharynx. Provides parasympathetic innervation of the smooth muscles of the esophagus, intestines, lungs and stomach, cardiac muscle, along with the sensitive innervation of part of the external auditory canal, the eardrum and the skin behind the ear, as well as the mucous membrane of the lower part of the pharynx and larynx. Affects the production of stomach and pancreatic secretions. Unilateral damage to this nerve causes sagging of the soft palate on the affected side, deviation of the uvula to the healthy side and paralysis of the vocal cord. With bilateral complete paralysis of the vagus nerve, death occurs.

11. Accessory nerve.

Consists of two types of nuclei. The first is the double nucleus, located in the posterior parts of the medulla oblongata, and is also the motor nucleus of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. The second, the nucleus of the accessory nerve, is located in the posterolateral section of the anterior horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord. Innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which tilts the cervical spine in its direction, raises the head, shoulder, and shoulder blade, rotates the face in the opposite direction, and brings the shoulder blades to the spine.

12. Hypoglossal nerve.

The main function of this nerve is the motor innervation of the tongue, namely the styloglossus, genioglossus and hyoglossus muscles, along with the transverse and rectus muscles of the tongue. When this nerve is damaged on one side, the tongue shifts to the healthy side, and sticks out of the mouth and deviates towards the affected side. In this case, atrophy of the muscles of the paralyzed part of the tongue occurs, which has virtually no effect on speech and chewing functions.

The listed nerves of the face, in the process of innervation of facial muscles, set the facial expressions of the individual.

Facial muscles

Facial muscles, contracting, shift certain areas of the skin, giving the face all sorts of expressions, which is why they are called “facial muscles”. The mobility of certain areas of the facial skin is due to the fact that the facial muscles begin on the bones of the skull, connecting to the skin; they are also devoid of fascia. Most of them are concentrated near the eye, mouth and nasal openings. The following facial muscles are distinguished:

Epicranial (occipital-frontal) – pulls the scalp back, raises the eyebrows, forms transverse folds on the forehead;
The proud muscle is responsible for the formation of transverse folds above the bridge of the nose, when muscles contract on both sides;
The corrugator muscle - contracting, forms vertical folds on the bridge of the nose, bringing the eyebrows to the midline;
The muscle that lowers the eyebrow - lowers the eyebrow down and slightly inward;
Orbicularis oculi muscle - ensures squinting and closing the eyes, narrowing the palpebral fissure, smoothes transverse folds on the forehead, closes the palpebral fissure, expands the lacrimal sac;
Orbicularis oris muscle - responsible for narrowing the mouth and pulling the lips forward;
The levator anguli oris muscle pulls the corner of the mouth upward and outward;
Laughter muscle - pulls the corner of the mouth to the lateral side;
The depressor anguli oris muscle closes the lips, pulls the corner of the mouth downward and outward;
Buccal muscle – determines the shape of the cheeks, presses the inner surface of the cheeks to the teeth, pulls the corner of the mouth to the side;
The levator labii superioris muscle forms the nasolabial fold during contraction, elevates the upper lip, dilates the nostrils;
The zygomaticus major and minor muscles form a grin, raising the corners of the mouth up and to the sides, which can also cause dimples on the cheeks;
The depressor labii muscle pulls the lower lip down;
Mentalis muscle - wrinkles the skin of the chin, pulls it upward, forming pits on it, stretches the lower lip;
Nasalis muscle – slightly raises the wings of the nose;
Anterior auricular muscle - moves the auricle forward and upward;
Superior auricular muscle – pulls the ear upward;
Posterior auricular muscle - pulls the ear back;
Temporoparietal muscle - with its help we can chew food.

All of them can be divided into two large groups according to their function: compressors - allow you to close your eyes, mouth, lips and dilators - responsible for their opening.

The main role in the blood supply to the face is played by the carotid artery - all facial arteries originate from it. Two arteries are responsible for the flow of blood to the face, tongue and other organs of the oral cavity: the lingual and the facial.

Lingual artery takes its base from the anterior wall of the external carotid artery, a few centimeters above the superior thyroid artery. Its trunk is located in the submandibular region and serves as a guide for identifying it during surgical interventions. Afterwards, the lingual artery passes into the root of the tongue and provides blood supply to its muscles, mucous membrane and tonsils. Also, individual branches of this artery supply the diaphragm of the mouth, sublingual and mandibular glands.

Facial artery begins a centimeter above the lingual, originating at the anterior surface of the external carotid artery. It rises up the face, touching the posterior surface of the submandibular gland, after which it bends around the lower edge of the lower jaw. Its route runs to the corner of the mouth, then moves to the side of the nose to the medial corner of the eye between the superficial and deep facial muscles. This section of the facial artery is commonly called the angular artery. The palatine, mental, lower labial and upper labial arteries also branch from it.

The mass of capillaries and the inferior ophthalmic vein play a major role in the blood supply to the face. The latter has no valves; blood enters it from the eye muscles and the ciliary body. Sometimes the blood passes through it into the pterygoid plexus if it leaves the orbit through the infraorbital fissure.

We hope our article was useful to you and you learned the most important things about the location of facial muscles, blood vessels and nerves. And the site opened the curtain for you on that part of the body that is hidden from our eyes under the skin.

In addition to the facial nerve, the facial part of the head is innervated by the trigeminal nerve (mixed motor nerves to the masticatory muscles and sensory nerves).

Branch I - the ophthalmic nerve enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and innervates part of the dura mater, the lacrimal gland, the nasal mucosa, the inner corner of the eye, and the brow ridges. The innervation zone is above the orbit and its upper wall.

Branch II - the maxillary nerve leaves the cavity of the skull through the round foramen and innervates the middle part of the dura mater, upper teeth, and the area of the zygomatic bone. Next, the nerve enters the buccal region in the form of the infraorbital nerve, which splits into a large number of branches (lesser pes anserine) and innervates the maxillary sinus, the anterior teeth of the upper jaw and the skin of the cheek. Innervation zone is the upper jaw.

Branch III - the mandibular nerve exits through the foramen ovale from the cranial cavity and is located in the interpterygoid space of the deep region of the face. Innervation zone is the lower jaw.

The projection of the exit of the terminal branches of the trigeminal nerve onto the surface of the face (supraorbital, infraorbital and mental nerves) corresponds to a vertical line drawn through the middle of the lower edge of the orbit.

TOPOGRAPHY OF THE DEEP FACIAL AREA

Borders:

Externally: ramus of the mandible.

Anterior and medial: tubercle of the mandible.

Above: the outer base of the skull, formed by the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.

There are two gaps in this area:

Temporopterygoid (located between the temporal and lateral pterygoid muscles);

Interpterygoid (enclosed by the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles).

The pterygoid venous plexus and the maxillary artery are located in the cellular space of the temporopterygoid space.

The pterygoid venous plexus anastomoses with the cavernous sinus of the dura mater through the emissary vein of the foramen lacerum, as well as through an anastomosis that penetrates through the inferior orbital fissure and flows into the inferior ophthalmic vein. This is especially true when infectious emboli spread with retrograde blood flow into the cranial cavity. From the pterygoid plexus, blood flows into the retromandibular vein, which merges with the facial vein and both flow into the internal jugular vein.

The maxillary artery arises from the external carotid artery in the parotid salivary gland, bends around the neck of the articular process of the mandible and runs transversely along the outer surface of the lateral pterygoid muscle. In the initial section, the deep auricular artery and the middle meningeal artery (passes through the foramen spinosum of the base of the skull) depart upward from it, and the inferior alveolar artery (goes into the mandibular canal) extends downwards. From the middle part of the maxillary artery, the buccal artery departs (runs along the anterior surface of the buccal muscle) and branches to all masticatory muscles: the artery to the masticatory muscle (runs along its inner surface), the anterior and posterior deep temporal arteries (runs up the anterior surface of the temporal muscle) , pterygoid arterial branches (to the pterygoid muscles). From the terminal section, located in the pterygopalatine fossa, depart: the posterior superior alveolar arteries, the sphenopalatine artery (through the opening of the same name it penetrates into the nasal cavity and gives off the anterior nasal arteries), the descending palatine artery (descends along the large palatine canal to the area of the hard palate), the pterygoid artery canal (passes through the canal of the same name) and the infraorbital artery (passes through the infraorbital canal and gives off the anterior superior alveolar arteries).

The mandibular nerve (III branch of the trigeminal nerve) and its branches are located in the interpterygoid cellular space. There are four main branches: auriculotemporal, buccal, lingual and inferior alveolar nerves.

The auriculotemporal nerve departs from the mandibular nerve immediately after the latter exits the cranial cavity through the foramen ovale and penetrates the parotid salivary gland. Next, with the superficial temporal artery, it rises to the temporal region in front of the external auditory canal. Innervates the gland itself, the external auditory canal, and the eardrum.

The buccal nerve pierces the buccal muscle and branches into the buccal mucosa.

The inferior alveolar nerve is located under the lateral pterygoid muscle, runs in the interpterygoid fascia and enters the mandibular canal.

The lingual nerve is located in the interpterygoid fascia between the buccal and inferior alveolar nerves, and is joined by the chorda tympani (from the facial nerve).

TOPOGRAPHY OF THE pterygopalatine fossa

Borders:

Above: sphenoid bone;

Posterior: pterygoid process;

Anterior: tubercle of the maxilla;

Internally: perpendicular to the plate of the palatine bone.

The fossa gradually narrows downward and passes over the greater palatine canal.

Communications: through the pterygopalatine process of Bichat's fat pad with the buccal area; through the foramen rotundum via the maxillary nerve with the middle cranial fossa; through the inferior orbital fissure along the inferior orbital artery with the orbital cavity; through the pterygopalatine canal - with the oral cavity; along the course of the sphenopalatine artery through the opening of the same name with the nasal cavity; with the outer base of the skull.

TOPOGRAPHY OF THE PERIPHARYNGEAL FELLOW SPACE

It is located inwardly from the deep region of the face and is delimited externally by the medial pterygoid muscle, externally and posteriorly by the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae, internally by the lateral wall of the pharynx and by lateral pharyngeal-vertebral fascial spurs running from the pharynx to the base of the transverse processes, separating the peripharyngeal and retropharyngeal spaces.

A strong “styloid diaphragm” formed by the muscles starting from the styloid process and their fascial sheaths divides the peripharyngeal space into anterior and posterior sections. In the posterior section there are: outside - the internal jugular vein, inside - the internal carotid artery, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal cranial nerves. At the border of the peripharyngeal and retropharyngeal spaces is the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk.

A) Motor innervation of the face. All facial muscles are innervated (VII pair of cranial nerves). The facial nerve leaves the cranial cavity through the stylomastoid foramen, between the tip of the mastoid process and the styloid process.

Before entering into the parotid salivary gland it gives off the posterior auricular nerve, which runs towards the ear posteriorly and superiorly, innervating the occipital belly of the fronto-occipital muscle and the posterior auricular muscle. The facial nerve then enters the parotid salivary gland, where it forms the crow's foot, giving off five of its terminal branches.

Temporal branch goes upward over the zygomatic bone, innervating the frontal belly of the fronto-occipital muscle and the orbicularis oculi muscle. The zygomatic branch is divided into a number of small branches that innervate the frontal sinuses and orbicularis oculi muscles. The buccal branch passes anteriorly, innervating the buccinator muscle and the orbicularis oris muscle. The mandibular branch leaves the parotid salivary gland at its inferior border, crosses the mandible deeper than the platysma within the fascia of the submandibular gland and then innervates the depressor anguli oris muscle.

Cervical branch goes down and innervates the platysma. In addition to the facial muscles, the facial nerve provides innervation to the posterior belly of the digastric, stylohyoid and stapedius muscles.

Educational video of the anatomy of the facial nerve and the projection of its branches

b) Sensory innervation of the face. Sensitive innervation of the face is provided primarily by the trigeminal nerve (V pair of cranial nerves). After leaving the trigeminal ganglion, it gives off three branches: the orbital (V 1), the maxillary (V 2) and the mandibular (V 3). V 1 and V 2 are fully sensory, V 3 has motor fibers to innervate the masticatory and some small muscles.

Orbital branch is the smallest of the three. After originating from the trigeminal ganglion, it passes through the superior orbital fissure, dividing into three terminal branches: nasociliary, frontal and lacrimal. They innervate the nose (via the subtrochlear and external nasal nerves), the skin of the forehead and upper eyelids (via the lacrimal, supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves). The maxillary nerve is the middle branch of the trigeminal nerve; it leaves the cranial cavity through the foramen rotundum and enters the pterygopalatine fossa. Before passing through the infraorbital foramen, it gives off branches to the pterygopalatine ganglion, as well as the zygomatic branch.

Before as leave the infraorbital foramen and become the cutaneous infraorbital nerve, it gives off the zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticofacial branches. It is responsible for the sensitivity of the skin of the temples, upper cheeks, lower eyelids, upper lip, upper teeth and the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus. The largest branch of the trigeminal nerve is the mandibular nerve, which leaves the cranial cavity through the foramen ovale. Its branches are the auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar and buccal nerves, innervating the lower half of the face. The auriculotemporal nerve arises from two roots passing near the middle meningeal artery and passes through the parotid gland to the skin of the temporal region.

It provides secretory parasympathetic innervation of the gland, as well as sensitive innervation of the auricle, external auditory canal and skin of the temporal region. The buccal and inferior alveolar branches innervate the cheek, buccal mucosa, skin of the chin, lower lip and labial mucosa.

Educational video on the anatomy of the trigeminal nerve and its branches

If you have problems watching, download the video from the page

In order to safely carry out any injection techniques for facial rejuvenation, it is necessary to know exactly the dangerous zones where the branches of nerves and large vessels pass. Today we will tell you in detail how the facial muscles are located, and we will dwell on the features of the blood supply and innervation of the areas in which aesthetic correction is necessary.

For safer work as a cosmetologist, performing any cosmetic procedures or manipulations of the facial area inevitably requires knowledge of the anatomy and topography of the formations of this area. the site will not only describe, but also demonstrate a video lesson “anatomy of facial aging for cosmetologists.”

Anatomical structures: nerves, blood vessels, facial vessels

There are several important aspects of facial anatomy for cosmetologists that need to be assessed by the doctor before starting work:

1. When using botulinum toxin in your work, it is necessary to clearly understand and imagine the work of facial muscles, the place of origin and attachment of the muscle, its size, strength, the number of muscle bundles and fibers, the interweaving and interaction of muscles with each other.

2. Working with needles requires precise knowledge of the location of the vessels, possible places of their damage or puncture, and pressure points in emergency cases.

3. Knowledge of the innervation of the face, the difference between the sensory and motor branches of the nerves sometimes becomes a decisive factor in determining the cause of deformation or asymmetry on the face.

Facial nerves anatomy

Motor innervation of the face(innervation of facial muscles) is provided by branches of the facial nerve (n.facialis):

rr.colii cervical branches - innervation of the platysma;
rr.marginalis mandibulae extreme branches of the lower jaw - innervation of the muscles of the chin and lower lip;
rr.buccalis buccal branches - innervate the muscle of the same name and the muscle depressing the angle of the mouth;
rr.zygomatici zygomatic branches - innervate the zygomaticus major and minor, the levator labii superioris and alae nasi, partially the orbicularis oculi muscle and the buccal muscle;
rr.temporalis temporal branches - innervate the orbicularis oculi muscle, the corrugator muscle, the frontalis muscle and the anterior part of the ear.
Sensitive innervation of the face and neck area is provided by the branches of the trigeminal nerve (n. trigeminus), supratrochlearis (n. supratrochlearis), supraorbital (suprorbitalis), infraorbital (n.infraorbitalis) and mental (n.mentalis) nerves.

Blood supply to the face anatomy

The blood supply to the face is carried out to a greater extent by the branches of the external carotid artery (a.carotis externa): a.facialis, a.temporalis superfacialis, a.maxillaris.

In the orbital area there is an anastomosis between the external and internal carotid arteries with the help of a.ophthalmica. The vascular network on the face is very developed, which, on the one hand, provides impeccable nutrition to all zones, and on the other hand, means that injury to one of the vessels can lead to severe bleeding.

Facial muscles anatomy

The name "facial muscles" is functional. During evolution, they were transformed from specially adapted structures for capturing food, acute sense of smell and hearing into facial muscles, the contraction of which moves the skin of the face in accordance with the psycho-emotional state of a person, and is also responsible for the articulation of speech;

The facial muscles are mainly concentrated around the natural openings of the face, expanding or closing them;

The muscles surrounding the oral cavity have the most complex structure and the largest number;

In accordance with their development, the facial muscles have a close connection with the skin of the face, into which they are woven with one or two ends. This is important for us because during the aging process of the skin, its loss of elasticity and firmness, they cannot contract adequately, and the muscle frame weakens. This underlies skin ptosis and the appearance of facial wrinkles;

Most often, botulinum toxin injections are given to the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle, the orbicularis oculi muscle, the orbicularis oris muscle, the depressor anguli oris and lower lip muscles, and the mental muscle, since their active contraction causes the reflection of our psycho-emotional state in facial expressions.

We present to your attention a visual representation of the location of anatomically important formations in the facial area from the site:

We hope that by paying attention to how facial muscles work, blood vessels and nerve endings pass through, you will be able to work more confidently and bring amazing aesthetic results to your patients!

The basis of facial architectonics is the bones of the facial skull

Atrophy and dislocation of deep and superficial fatty structures leads to the appearance of external signs of aging

Superficial and deep facial fat

Adipose tissue is divided into compartments by ligaments. Anatomical studies confirm the presence of such characteristic formations in the forehead, periorbital region, cheeks and mouth.

The order of involution of fatty structures with age

Clinical trends: periorbital and malar fat are the first to undergo involutional changes, followed by lateral buccal fat, deep nasolabial fat and lateral temporal fat.

Replenishing the deficit in adipose tissue volume is possible with the help of dermal fillers

Rohrich and Pessa inject methylene blue dye into cadaveric specimens, allowing dye diffusion to identify natural septations of fat compartments.

Projection of the bony openings of the facial part of the skull

F. supraorbitalis (supraorbital foramen) – the place of exit of the supraorbital SNP – the place of intersection of the upper bony edge of the orbit with a vertical line drawn through the medial edge of the iris. SNP is covered by m. orbicularis oculi, direction of movement - up under m. corrugator and m. frontalis.

The motor innervation of the face is carried out by the branches of the facial nerve, the sensory innervation is carried out by the branches of the trigeminal nerve.

The vessels of the face form an abundant network with well-developed anastomoses, so wounds on the face heal quickly

Topography of the facial artery

Dangerous injection areas of the face and upper jaw, where important arteries are located

When carrying out all procedures, you should be as careful as possible to avoid intra-arterial and intravenous administration of the drug.

It is safe to inject the drug into the periosteum using cannulas, which are less dangerous than needles.

The nasal region contains a large number of terminal arteries

Danger zones of the upper third of the face - the eyebrow area

Dangerous areas of the upper third of the face - temporal and periorbital areas

The superficial temporal (sentinel) vein is located in the temporal region posterior to the artery of the same name and follows its course. Crossing the temporal region 1-1.5 cm above the zygomatic arch, the vein in the layer of subcutaneous fatty tissue is directed to the auricle. At the medial edge of the orbit, the angular vein is located superficially, which communicates through the veins of the orbit with the cavernous sinus of the dura mater. Careless injection of filler into the lumen of the vein or its excessive amount can lead to thrombosis, hematoma or later complications of an infectious nature.

Temple area

The R. temporales (temporal branch) of the facial nerve in the temporal region lies under the SMAS and goes to the tail of the eyebrow.

Parotid salivary gland region

Zygomatic region

Materials provided by IPSEN Aesthetic Expert Club

Facial anatomy for cosmetologists: how to avoid dangerous areas (video)

With age, the appearance and contours of the face change. The reason for such changes is the weakening of the muscles of the face and neck, which decrease in volume and become deformed, while their tone decreases. This entails the need to introduce fillers and botutoxins. For safer work as a cosmetologist, performing any cosmetic procedures or manipulations of the facial area inevitably requires knowledge of the anatomy and topography of the formations of this area. Estet-portal.com will not only describe, but also demonstrate a video lesson “anatomy of facial aging for cosmetologists.”

Anatomical structures: nerves, blood vessels, facial vessels

There are several important aspects of facial anatomy for cosmetologists that need to be assessed by the doctor before starting work:

2. Working with needles requires precise knowledge of the location of the vessels, possible places of their damage or puncture, and pressure points in emergency cases.

Facial nerves anatomy

Motor innervation of the face (innervation of facial muscles) is provided by branches of the facial nerve (n.facialis):

rr.colii cervical branches – innervation of the platysma;
rr.marginalis mandibulae extreme branches of the lower jaw - innervation of the muscles of the chin and lower lip;
rr.buccalis buccal branches - innervate the muscle of the same name and the depressor angle oris muscle;
rr.zygomatici zygomatic branches - innervate the zygomatic major and minor muscles, the levator labii superioris and alae nasi muscles, partially the orbicularis oculi muscle and the buccal muscle;
rr.temporalis temporal branches - innervate the orbicularis oculi muscle, the corrugator muscle, the frontalis muscle and the anterior part of the ear.
Sensitive innervation of the face and neck area is provided by the branches of the trigeminal nerve (n. trigeminus), supratrochlearis (n. supratrochlearis), supraorbital (suprorbitalis), infraorbital (n.infraorbitalis) and mental (n.mentalis) nerves.

Blood supply to the face anatomy

The blood supply to the face is carried out to a greater extent by the branches of the external carotid artery (a.carotis externa): a.facialis, a.temporalis superfacialis, a.maxillaris.

Facial muscles anatomy

The name “facial muscles” is functional. During evolution, they were transformed from specially adapted structures for capturing food, acute sense of smell and hearing into facial muscles, the contraction of which moves the skin of the face in accordance with the psycho-emotional state of a person, and is also responsible for the articulation of speech;

The facial muscles are mainly concentrated around the natural openings of the face, expanding or closing them;

The muscles surrounding the oral cavity have the most complex structure and the largest number;

Most often, botulinum toxin injections are given to the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle, the orbicularis oculi muscle, the orbicularis oris muscle, the depressor anguli oris and lower lip muscles, and the mental muscle, since their active contraction causes the reflection of our psycho-emotional state in facial expressions.

We present to your attention a visual representation of the location of anatomically important formations in the facial area from estet-portal.com:

Innervation of the maxillofacial region - facial nerves

The maxillofacial region receives innervation from motor, sensory and autonomic (sympathetic, parasympathetic) nerves. Of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves, the fifth (trigeminal), seventh (facial), ninth (glossopharyngeal), tenth (vagus) and twelfth (hyoid) pairs participate in the innervation of the maxillofacial region. The sense of taste is associated with the first pair - the olfactory nerve.

2) the greater petrosal nerve, which goes to the pterygopalatine ganglion;

3) tympanic string - to the lingual nerve;

4) to the vagus nerve;

5) to the stapes muscle.

2) a branch for the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, which divides into the stylohyoid branch (goes to the muscle of the same name) and an anastomosing branch to the glossopharyngeal nerve.

2) middle - buccal branch (for the buccal muscle, muscles of the nose, upper lip, orbicularis oris, triangular and quadratus muscles of the lower lip);

3) lower - marginal branch of the mandible (for the quadratus muscle of the lower lip, mental muscle), cervical branch (for the subcutaneous muscle of the neck).

Orbital (innervates the mucous membrane of the sphenoid sinus and ethmoid labyrinth);

Posterior superior nasal branches (lateral and medial branches - innervate the mucous membrane of the posterior sections of the superior and middle turbinates and passages, the ethmoid sinus, the upper surface of the choanae, the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube, the upper part of the nasal septum;

Nasopalatine nerve - innervates a triangular section of the mucous membrane of the hard palate in its anterior section between the fangs);

Inferior posterior lateral nasal branches (enter the greater palatine canal and exit through small openings, innervating the mucous membrane of the inferior turbinate, inferior and middle nasal meatus and maxillary sinus);

Greater and lesser palatine nerves (innervates the mucous membrane of the hard palate, gums, soft palate, palatine tonsil).

Motor fibers to the levator soft palate and uvula muscles come from the facial nerve through the greater petrosal nerve.

a) sensitive - from the lingual nerve;

b) secretory or parasympathetic - from the tympanic chord (from the facial nerve), which is part of the lingual nerve;

c) sympathetic - from the sympathetic plexus of the external carotid artery.

The ganglion gives off branches to the submandibular gland and its duct.

Guide to Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Dental Surgery

Blood supply and innervation of the face

In this article we will look at the topography of blood vessels and nerves in relation to the facial muscles, but we will go from deep layers to superficial ones.

Rice. 1-41. Arteries of the face.

Rice. 1-41. The external carotid artery passes anterior to the auricle and continues into the superficial temporal artery, which divides into parietal and anterior branches. Also, the maxillary and facial branches depart from the external carotid artery, most of which are not visible when viewed from the front. The facial artery departs from the external carotid and, bending over the edge of the lower jaw, goes to the corner of the mouth, where it gives off branches to the upper and lower lips, and itself goes up and inward to the inner corner of the palpebral fissure. The portion of the facial artery that runs lateral to the external nose is called the angular artery. At the inner canthus, the angular artery anastomoses with the dorsal nasal artery, which arises from the supratrochlear artery, which, in turn, is a branch of the ophthalmic artery (from the internal carotid artery system). The main trunk of the supratrochlear artery ascends to the middle of the forehead. The area of the superciliary arches is supplied with blood by the supraorbital artery, which emerges from the supraorbital foramen. The infraorbital region is supplied with blood by the infraorbital artery, emerging from the foramen of the same name. The mental artery, which arises from the inferior alveolar artery and emerges from the mental foramen, supplies the soft tissues of the chin and lower lip.

Rice. 1-42. Veins of the face.

Rice. 1-42. The veins of the forehead form a dense, variable network and usually merge anteriorly into the supratrochlear vein, also called the frontal vein. This vein runs in the midface medially from the orbit to the edge of the mandible and ultimately connects with the internal jugular vein. The name of this vein varies depending on the anatomical region. On the forehead it is called the frontal vein. In the region of the glabella it connects with the supraorbital vein, and inward from the orbit - with the superior orbital vein, thus providing outflow from the veins of the orbit and cavernous sinus. Near the bony part of the external nose, it connects with the veins of the upper and lower eyelids (venous arch of the upper and lower eyelids) and is called the angular vein. On its way along the external nose, it collects blood from the small veins of the nose and cheeks, and also anastomoses with the infraorbital vein, which emerges from the infraorbital foramen. In addition, blood from the zygomatic region enters this vein through the deep vein of the face. On the cheek, the main vein connects with the superior and inferior labial veins and is called the facial vein. Connecting with the veins of the chin, the facial vein bends over the edge of the lower jaw and flows into the internal jugular vein on the neck. The veins of the parietal region unite into the superficial temporal vein, which, in turn, flows into the external jugular vein.

Rice. 1-43. Nerves of the face.

Rice. 1-43. The face is innervated by fibers of the trigeminal (mainly sensory fibers; motor fibers innervate the masticatory muscles) and facial nerves (motor fibers). In addition, the large auricular nerve, which belongs to the spinal nerves, takes part in the sensitive innervation of the face.

The trigeminal nerve (5th pair of cranial nerves, CN V) has three branches: the ophthalmic (CN V1), maxillary (CN V2) and mandibular (CN V3) nerves.

The optic nerve is divided into the frontal, lacrimal and nasociliary nerves. The frontal nerve runs in the orbit above the eyeball and divides into the supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves. The supraorbital nerve has two branches, the larger of which, the lateral one, exits the orbit onto the face through the supraorbital foramen or supraorbital notch and innervates the skin of the forehead to the vertex, as well as the conjunctiva of the upper eyelid and the mucous membrane of the frontal sinus. The medial branch of the supraorbital nerve emerges from the orbit medially through the frontal notch and branches in the skin of the forehead.

Another branch of the frontal nerve, the supratrochlear nerve, emerges from the inner canthus and innervates the skin of the nose and conjunctiva.

The outer canthus is innervated by the lacrimal nerve. It separates from the optic nerve in the orbital cavity and before exiting it gives off branches to the lacrimal gland. The nasociliary nerve, a branch of the ophthalmic nerve, gives off the anterior ethmoidal nerve, the terminal branch of which, the external nasal nerve, in turn passes through the cells of the ethmoidal labyrinth.

Through the infraorbital foramen, the infraorbital nerve, a large branch of the maxillary nerve (CN U2), enters the face. Its other branch, the zygomatic nerve, passes laterally in the orbit and enters the zygomatic region through separate canals in the zygomatic bone. The zygomaticotemporal branch of the zygomatic nerve innervates the skin of the temple and forehead. The zygomaticofacial branch of the zygomatic nerve exits through the zygomaticofacial foramen (sometimes there may be several holes) and branches in the skin of the cheekbone and lateral canthus.

The auriculotemporal nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve, runs under the foramen ovale. Having passed along the inner surface of the branch of the lower jaw, it bends around it from behind, innervates the skin in the area of the condylar process and the external auditory canal, pierces the parotid salivary gland and ends in the skin of the temple. The teeth of the upper jaw are innervated by the maxillary nerve. The teeth of the mandible are innervated by the inferior alveolar nerve, which arises from the mandibular nerve (CN, V3) and enters the mandibular canal through the mandibular foramen. The branch of the mandibular nerve emerging from the mental foramen is called the mental nerve; it provides sensitive innervation to the skin of the chin and lower lip.

The facial muscles are innervated by the facial nerve (CN V2). It emerges from the stylomastoid foramen and gives off numerous branches to the facial muscles. The branches of the facial nerve include the temporal branches, going to the temporal region and innervating the muscles of the forehead, temple and eyelids; zygomatic branches innervating the zygomatic muscles and muscles of the lower eyelid; buccal branches to the muscles of the cheeks, the muscles surrounding the oral cavity, and the muscle fibers around the nostrils; the marginal mandibular branch, innervating the muscles of the chin, and the cervical branch to the platysma.

Rice. 1-44. General view of the arteries, veins and nerves of the face.

Rice. 1-45. Deep arteries, veins (right) and nerves of the face (left).

Rice. 1-45. The vessels and nerves of the face passing through the bone canals and openings are located close to each other. On the right side of the face, deep arteries and veins and their exit points onto the face are shown. The branches of the ophthalmic artery from the internal carotid artery system pass through the orbital septum in one or several places - the supratrochlear artery and the medial arteries of the eyelids (pass through the upper edge of the septum). Veins of the face also pass through the orbital septum, forming the superior orbital vein.

The supraorbital artery and vein pass through the supraorbital foramen. Sometimes this opening may not be closed and is called the supraorbital notch, by analogy with the medially located supratrochlear notch, through which the supratrochlear artery and vein pass. Even more medial are the branches of the dorsal nasal artery and the superior branches of the ophthalmic artery, connecting with the arterial arch of the upper eyelid. Venous drainage occurs in the superior ophthalmic vein.

The lateral and medial arteries of the eyelids extend from the ophthalmic artery to the lower eyelid, forming the arterial arch of the lower eyelid and giving off branches to the dorsum of the nose. All arterial branches are accompanied by veins of the same name. The infraorbital artery and vein pass through the infraorbital foramen. They branch in the tissues of the lower eyelid, cheek and upper lip and have many anastomoses with the angular artery and vein.

The zygomaticofacial vessels exit into the face through the zygomaticofacial foramen.

Through the mental foramen, which opens the canal of the lower jaw, the mental branches of the mandibular artery and nerve pass. Through the same opening, the mental branch of the inferior alveolar vein enters the mandibular canal. In the figure, the facial artery and vein at the edge of the lower jaw are crossed. The transverse facial artery is shown at the lower edge of the zygomatic arch. The superficial temporal artery and vein are divided at the entrance to the temporal fossa.

The left side of the face also shows the exit points of the nerves. The supraorbital nerve passes through the supraorbital foramen, arising from the ophthalmic nerve (the first branch of the trigeminal nerve CN V1), which provides sensory innervation to the supraorbital region. Inside the orbit, the supratrochlear nerve arises from the optic nerve, which, passing through the opening in the orbital septum (septum), is divided into medial, lateral and palpebral branches. Through the infraorbital canal, which opens with the infraorbital foramen, passes the infraorbital nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve (second branch of the trigeminal nerve, CN V2). It provides sensory innervation to the lower lip, cheek and part of the nose and upper lip.

Thus, the lower eyelid is innervated by two nerves: the palpebral branch of the infratrochlear nerve (from the ophthalmic nerve) and the inferior palpebral branches of the infraorbital nerve (from the maxillary nerve).

The zygomaticofacial nerve enters the face from the foramen of the same name and provides sensitive innervation to the zygomatic region. The mental nerve exits the mandibular canal through the mental foramen and carries sensory fibers to the mental region and lower lip. To avoid loss or impairment of sensitivity in the lower lip due to damage to this nerve when performing complicated wisdom tooth extraction and osteotomy of the mandibular branch, it is necessary to have a good knowledge of its topography in the mandibular canal.

The buccal muscle receives motor innervation from branches of the facial nerve (CN V2). The buccal nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve (third branch of the trigeminal nerve, CN V3), passes through the buccal muscle and carries sensory innervation to the oral mucosa.

Rice. 1-46. Topography of deep arteries and veins (right half) and facial nerves (left half) in relation to deep facial muscles.

Rice. 1-46. Individual branches of the supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries and veins run very close to the bone and are covered with fibers of the corrugator muscle. Other branches run in a cranial direction above the muscle. The lateral and medial branches of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves pass under, above, and through the fibers of the corrugator brow muscle. The motor innervation of this muscle is provided by the anterior temporal branches of the facial nerve (CN VII).

The temporalis muscle is supplied by the deep temporal arteries and veins. The sensory innervation of this area is carried out by the deep temporal nerve (from CN V3). The muscle receives motor innervation from the temporal branches of the facial nerve.

The superficial temporal artery and vein, together with the temporal branches (from the facial nerve) go above the zygomatic arch and are crossed in this figure.

The vessels and nerves emerging from the infraorbital foramen (artery, vein and infraorbital nerve) supply the area around it and also branch into the tissues of the lower eyelid (branches of the lower eyelid), the muscles of the nose and the upper lip.

The facial artery and vein bend over the edge of the lower jaw anterior to the masseter muscle. More medially, they cross the buccal muscle and branch in an arcuate manner in an oblique direction, located superficially to the branches of the infraorbital artery and vein. At the intersection of the branch of the lower jaw, the pulsation of the artery is palpated.

The buccal muscle is innervated by the buccal branches of the facial nerve.

The neurovascular bundle of the mandibular canal exits onto the face through the mental foramen. The mental artery, the mental branch of the inferior alveolar vein and the nerve of the same name branch in the soft tissues of the lower lip and chin. The motor innervation of the adjacent muscles is carried out by the marginal branches of the mandible, arising from the facial nerve (CN V2).

Rice. 1-47. Topography of arteries and veins (right half) and facial nerves (left half) in relation to facial muscles.

Rice. 1-47. The branches of the supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries and veins pass through the frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle. The lateral and medial branches of the supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves pass through and above the muscle. The motor innervation of this muscle is carried out by the anterior temporal branches of the facial nerve.

The dorsum of the nose is innervated by the external nasal branches arising from the anterior ethmoidal nerve. This nerve passes between the nasal bone and the lateral nasal cartilage and runs along the surface of the cartilage. The branches of the infraorbital nerve (external nasal branches) branch in the wings of the nose. The motor innervation of the muscles is carried out by the zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (CN V2).

Rice. 1-48. Topography of arteries and veins (right half) and facial nerves (left half) in relation to facial muscles.

Rice. 1-48. Additional venous drainage from the forehead occurs through accessory branches of the supratrochlear nerve.

The orbicularis oculi muscle, covering the orbital septum (septa), is supplied by thin branches of the medial and lateral eyelid arteries, and venous outflow is carried out through the venous arches of the upper and lower eyelids. The lateral artery of the eyelids arises from the lacrimal artery, and the medial artery arises from the ophthalmic artery. Both of these arteries belong to the internal carotid artery system. Venous blood from the upper and lower eyelids flows into the veins of the same name, which flow medially into the angular vein, and laterally into the superior ophthalmic vein (upper eyelid) and inferior ophthalmic vein (lower eyelid).

The lateral and medial branches of the supratrochlear nerve pass through the proud muscle and the depressor brow muscle, which are located in the glabella and supraorbital region. The muscle receives motor innervation from the temporal branches of the facial nerve (CN, V2).

The nasal muscles are supplied by branches of the angular artery. Somewhat more cranially from the angular artery its terminal branch, the dorsal nasal artery, departs. Venous blood flows through the external nasal veins, which drain into the angular vein. Also, part of the venous blood flows into the infraorbital vein. Sensitive innervation is carried out by the branches of the external nasal nerve, extending from the ethmoidal nerve (a branch of the frontal nerve), motor innervation of the adjacent muscles is carried out by the zygomatic branches of the facial nerve.

The levator anguli oris muscle, covering the superior and lateral parts of the orbicularis oris muscle, is supplied by the facial artery and vein, and innervated by the superior labial branches, which arise from the infraorbital nerve, which runs along the surface of this muscle.

The mental foramen is closed by the muscle that depresses the lower lip.

Rice. 1-49. Topography of arteries and veins (right half) and facial nerves (left half) in relation to facial muscles.

Rice. 1-49. Venous drainage from the superficial epifascial layers of the forehead and parietal region occurs through the parietal branches of the superficial temporal vein. Here it also anastomoses with the supratrochlear vein. The main artery of this area is the superficial temporal. At the inner corner of the palpebral fissure, the angular vein connects with the supratrochlear vein. Thus, the superficial veins of the face connect with the superior ophthalmic vein, which opens into the cavernous sinus. It is also possible to connect with the subtrochlear vein, which is also called the nasofrontal vein. The external nasal vein collects blood from the dorsum of the nose and opens into the angular vein.

The angular vein accompanies the angular artery, which lies more medially. When it reaches the levator labii superioris muscle, the vein passes above it and the artery below it.

Blood from the upper lip flows into the superior labial vein, which, in turn, connects to the facial vein. The infraorbital vein enters the infraorbital foramen, closed by the levator labii superioris muscle. Its branches connect with the branches of the angular vein and thus connect the superficial veins of the face with the pterygoid venous plexus. Blood from the lower lip flows into the facial vein through the inferior labial vein. The arterial blood supply to the upper lip is provided by the superior labial artery, and the lower lip by the inferior labial artery. Both of these vessels arise from the facial artery. The inferolateral part of the chin is closed by the depressor anguli oris muscle, which receives motor innervation from the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve. Sensory innervation of this area is carried out by branches of the mental nerve, which arise from the inferior alveolar nerve.

Rice. 1-50. Topography of arteries and veins (right half) and facial nerves (left half) in relation to facial muscles.

Rice. 1-50. In the forehead area, the supratrochlear vein also forms anastomoses with the anterior branches of the superior temporal vein.

The angular artery and vein run in a long groove between the levator labii superioris and alae nasi muscle and the orbicularis oculi muscle and are partially covered by the medial edge of the latter. The facial vein passes under the levator labii superioris muscle, and the artery runs above it. Both of these vessels pass under the zygomaticus minor, with the exception of individual arterial branches that may run along the surface of the muscle and then pass under the zygomaticus major. The topography of neurovascular formations in this area is very variable.

Rice. 1-51. Topography of arteries and veins (right half) and facial nerves (left half) in relation to facial muscles.

Rice. 1-51. Most of the masseter muscle is covered by the parotid salivary gland. The gland itself is partially covered by the laughter muscle and platysma. All the arteries, veins and nerves of the area pass through these muscles.

Rice. 1-52. Topography of arteries and veins (right half) and nerves of the face (left half) in the subcutaneous fat layer.

Rice. 1-52. The muscles and superficial fascia of the face are covered with a subcutaneous fat layer of varying thickness, through which blood vessels are visible in some places. Small arteries, veins and nerve endings go through the layer of fat to the skin.

Rice. 1-76. Arteries of the face, side view.

Rice. 1-76. The external carotid artery runs anterior to the auricle and gives off the superficial temporal artery, which branches into parietal and anterior branches. Also from the external carotid artery branches extend to the face and upper jaw: the posterior auricular artery departs under the auricle, even lower is the occipital artery, at the level of the lobe is the maxillary artery, which goes medially under the branch of the mandible, at the level between the lobe and the external auditory canal - transverse artery of the neck, which runs along the branch of the mandible. The facial artery bends over the lower edge of the lower jaw and goes to the corner of the mouth.

The main artery of the face is the maxillary artery, which gives off many large branches, which will be described below.

The inferior and superior labial arteries extend from the facial artery to the corner of the mouth. The terminal branch of the facial artery leading to the external nose is called the angular artery. Here, at the medial canthus, it anastomoses with the dorsal nasal artery, which arises from the ophthalmic artery (from the internal carotid artery system). In the upper part of the face, the supratrochlear artery runs to the middle of the frontal region. The supraorbital and infraorbital regions are supplied with blood, respectively, by the supraorbital and infraorbital arteries, emerging through the foramina of the same name. The mental artery, a branch of the inferior alveolar artery, enters the face through the opening of the same name and supplies the soft tissues of the chin and lower lip.

First Doctor

Facial muscles

Facial muscles are a kind of framework for supporting the skin, which is responsible for its tone and elasticity.

All cosmetic procedures are carried out strictly in a certain direction. Massage lines are the areas of least stretch in the skin. If you perform a massage movement on them, you can tighten the oval of the face, create an expressive contour, improve the color of the skin and get rid of acne and fine wrinkles.

The massage lines provide not only massage, but also the application of a variety of cosmetics. Performing procedures along these lines will help preserve the youth of the skin for a long time. Since the skin does not stretch.

How can knowing about facial structure help a woman take care of her skin?

The anatomy of the facial muscles is special knowledge that will help determine the correct vectors of movement. These lines coincide with the direction of lymph flow. Applying cosmetics over them is a lymphatic drainage massage for the face.

If you take into account where the muscles of the face and neck are located when caring for your skin, you can get the following results:

When pressing with your fingers, the skin will not stretch. The pores are cleared and the rash goes away over time. New wrinkles do not appear. Collagen fibers are not damaged. The forehead area is toned, which prevents the appearance of horizontal wrinkles. The corners of the mouth do not sag. The laughter muscle becomes less deep. Swelling and dark circles under the eyes are reduced. Stiffness in the occipital region disappears. The double chin gradually decreases. Prevents the appearance of facial wrinkles.

Proper impact on the facial muscles will delay the onset of old age and preserve the beauty of the skin. Regardless of the chosen cosmetic product, a lymphatic drainage effect will be produced thanks to massage movements.

Massage guides were discovered by the German scientist Karl Langer in 1861. Cosmetologists and massage therapists call them Langer's lines.

Where are the massage lines located?

The following massage lines are distinguished:

In the forehead area - the movement is performed from the middle of the forehead to the temporal region. Area around the eyes: upper eyelid - a line stretches from the inner corner to the outer; lower eyelid - the vector runs from the outer corner to the inner. Lips: the line runs from the middle of the upper lip to the earlobe; the line extends from the chin to the earlobe. Nose: movement is from the bridge of the nose to the end of the nose; from the nasal wings to the ear. Neck area: from the décolleté to the chin; from the area of the lymph nodes the lines extend to the collarbones.

How does knowledge of the location of the main lines affect the work of a cosmetologist?

In cosmetology, knowledge of human physiology is of great importance. Every cosmetologist knows how the facial muscles work.

The structure of the skin determines its type: oily, normal or dry. Studying the deep layers helps specialists select products that protect the skin from early aging.

There are some aspects of the structure of the facial muscles that a cosmetologist evaluates before work:

The work of facial muscles: location of the masticatory and oral muscles and the number of muscle fibers. Using needles requires knowledge of the location of blood vessels and how to pinch the skin in an emergency. Knowledge of the characteristics of the branches of the nerves helps to determine the causes of deformation of a person’s face.

Facial muscles, when contracted, are able to move the skin depending on the emotional state of a person.

Age-related changes depend on the individual behavior of the masticatory and facial muscles during sleep, stress, conversation or work.

This table will help you find out how many major muscles there are on the face.

The latter consists of a frontal, lateral and occipital abdomen.

The corrugator brow is located on the frontal bone above the lacrimal tissue and skin of the eyebrows.

Nasal affects the squeezing of the nostrils.

Properly targeting the facial muscles listed in the table will help create firm, clear skin.

How can using knowledge about massage lines help prolong youth?

After 35 years, the skin of all women begins to wilt, and the facial muscles lose tone. At the same time, the intensity of aging is different for everyone and depends on lifestyle, proper care and hereditary factors.

The following processes occur during aging:

The skin loses moisture. The secretion of the sebaceous glands decreases. Blood flow in tissues is disrupted. Muscle tone decreases. In this case, sagging of the cheeks appears and nasolabial folds appear. Metabolism slows down and the production of elastin and collagen fibers decreases, which leads to loss of elasticity and the appearance of wrinkles.

To prolong the youth of the skin, daily care is required, which consists of procedures such as moisturizing, cleansing and nutrition. Knowledge of physiology will allow you to properly care for your face.

Carrying out cosmetic procedures in compliance with massage lines will help delay the occurrence of deep wrinkles.

Use your palms to stroke each line, securing it with your fingers at the end. The face and neck are warmed up. In this case, the palms are pressed against the soft tissues, and pressure is applied to the bones. Circular movements are made. Using the tips of your bent fingers, lightly tap your face. The procedure is performed with straight fingers. The face should be stroked, as at the beginning of the procedure. Finally, several circular rotations of the head are performed in each direction.

A few minutes of massage a day and masks made from natural ingredients will help maintain skin elasticity for many years without the use of expensive procedures and products.

Facial care should be performed in combination, that is, you need to lead a healthy lifestyle, do gymnastics in the morning and eat right.

The face and neck, like the rest of the body, are formed by muscles. The shape and appearance of the face directly depend on the tone of the facial muscles. What are the causes of facial aging from a physiological point of view? With age, the muscles of the face and neck shorten, decrease in volume and become deformed, and their tone weakens. As a result, facial features begin to gradually descend. For example, sagging eye muscles lead to the appearance of bags under the eyes, and when the muscles and tissues located around the nose weaken, the nose appears to “spread” and become larger. And the appearance of a double chin is a weakness of the neck muscles, and not just excess weight.

Facial gymnastics trains the facial muscles using special exercises. Regular training tightens the facial muscles, tones the facial muscles, and allows you to achieve significant changes in appearance without surgical intervention.

Cosmetic surgery already works with the results of aging, while facial gymnastics are aimed at the causes of facial aging and give long-term, sustainable results comparable to surgical lifting.

Anatomy of human facial muscles

Since almost all types of facial gymnastics (face building, face forming, facial aerobics, facial bodyflex and others) work with the muscles of the face and neck, let’s look at the factual material that is the basis for developing exercises, that is, the anatomical structure of the facial muscles .

There are more than 100 muscles in the head and neck and they are divided into several groups:

facial muscles oculomotor muscles masticatory muscles and muscles of the oral cavity, tongue muscles of the neck and surrounding areas

The division of muscles into groups is quite arbitrary, and sometimes some of them can be assigned to both one and another group.

Age-related changes on the face largely depend on the specific daily behavior of the facial and masticatory muscles during conversation, work or sleep, and in moments of stress.

The facial muscles, unlike the masticatory muscles, are attached at one end to the bones, and at the other end to the skin of the face or neighboring muscles. The chewing muscles, like the muscles of the body, are attached to the bones at two ends.

Diagram of the main muscles of the human face and neck

1 - supracranial muscles and tendon helmet;

2 - temporal muscles;

3 - orbicularis oculi muscle;

4 - muscle that lifts the angle of the mouth;

5 - buccal muscle;

6 - muscle that lowers the lower lip;

7 - subcutaneous muscle of the neck;

8 - mental muscle;

9 - muscle that lowers the angle of the mouth;

10 - orbicularis oris muscle;

11 - chewing muscle;

12 - zygomaticus major muscle;

13 - nasal muscle;

14 - muscle of the auricle.

We will not rewrite the anatomical atlas of the human body and describe the purpose of all facial muscles. There is enough such information on specialized resources.

You can look in more detail at each muscle separately, how they move, and how they are related to facial expressions using the interactive anatomical atlas of human muscles. A visual, best on the Internet, INTERACTIVE ATLAS OF FACIAL MUSCLES is given here

Here you can watch an interesting video online about the work of the facial muscles during ordinary facial movements: frowning, anger, smiling, sadness, etc. A virtual 3D model acts as a demonstrator

You can learn in detail about the anatomy of the face, the physiology of aging, understand the causes of aging and its external manifestations on the face, find out recommendations for eliminating visible signs of aging on the face and neck, and also evaluate excellent procedures and exercises for getting rid of jowls by reading Natalia Osminina’s book “ Anatomy of facial aging or myths in cosmetology.” Everything is presented in very detail and clearly; this information will be useful to take into account in the fight against premature aging.

You can DOWNLOAD Natalia Osminina’s book “Anatomy of Facial Aging or Myths in Cosmetology” HERE

Miracles, of course, do not happen... But even the most incredulous skeptics cannot deny that when performed regularly, facial gymnastics gives visible results. The number of its supporters around the world is steadily increasing. And if you add to it proper facial skin care (cleansing, moisturizing and nourishing the skin), facial massage, balanced nutrition, an active lifestyle and sports, then your youth will delight others and delight you for many years.

Realistic 3D video of human facial and neck muscles

Anatomical atlases and books on the physiology of aging

For those who prefer traditional books:

"Atlas of Human Anatomy" in a gift edition with high-quality detailed illustrations and accurate text explanations can be found HERE

A beautiful, well-organized Russian-Latin reference book on human anatomy for a wide range of readers.

Large atlas of human anatomy in visual tables HERE

The best anatomical tables in good quality.

The book “The Resurrection of the Face or an Ordinary Miracle. Theory and practice of restoring youth" is the most popular book by Natalia Osminina, the author of the Revitonics rejuvenation system, about the physiology of aging of the skin, facial muscles, and restoring the youth of the face.

Natalia Osminina: Resurrection of the face, or an ordinary miracle. Theory and practice of restoring youth HERE

Natalia Osminina: Fitness for the face. Revitonica system HERE

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Interactive atlas of facial muscles

The previous section showed the topographical relationship between the cellular spaces and the facial muscles. Next, we will look at the facial muscles themselves, starting with the most superficial layers of the face.

Rice. 1-29. The left side of the face shows the superficial facial muscles. The occipitofrontal muscle (frontal belly) passes into a dense tendon helmet. The muscle that lowers the eyebrow begins with tendon fibers from the glabella (glabella) and passes into muscle fibers in the eyebrow area. In this case, some muscle fibers connect to the orbicularis oculi muscle. In the region of the glabella there is the proud muscle, the fibers of which run parallel to the deeper occipitofrontal muscle. The outer surface of the cartilaginous part of the nose is covered by the nasal muscle. The latter is represented by the transverse and wing (vertical) parts. The anterior muscle fibers of the transverse part of the nasal muscle expand the nostrils, and its alar (vertical) part compresses them. Between the orbicularis oculi muscle and the nose there passes a thin long muscle that lifts the upper lip and the wing of the nose. In the area of the lower lip, the orbicularis oris muscle is completely covered by the muscles that depress the angle of the mouth and the lower lip. On the upper lip, the orbicularis oris muscle is partially covered by the levator labii superioris and alae nasalis muscle, the levator labii superioris muscle, and the zygomatic minor muscle. The zygomaticus major muscle is attached to the corner of the mouth along with the laughter muscle, the fibers of which run horizontally. Outward from the corner of the mouth, the muscle fibers of the superficial neck muscle (platysma) extending through the edge of the lower jaw are attached. The mentalis muscle is attached to the top of the chin. The muscles of the lower cheek and temporal region are covered with dense fascia. The point of fusion of muscle fibers in the corner of the mouth is called the modiolus (modiolus is not identical to the corner of the mouth. It is located more laterally, on average 1 cm). It is formed by the orbicularis oris muscle, the buccal muscle, the levator anguli oris muscle, the depressor anguli oris muscle, the zygomaticus major muscle, the laughter muscle and the platysma muscle.

Rice. 1-30. After removing the platysma, the laughter muscle and the deep fascia of the cheek, the parotid salivary gland, its duct, the masseter muscle and the fatty body of the cheek (Bishat's lumps) become visible on the right side of the picture.

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Rice. 1-31. The laughter muscle and platysma muscle have been removed on the right side of the face. On the left, the zygomaticus major and minor muscles, the peripheral part of the orbicularis oculi muscle and the depressor angle oris muscle were removed

Rice. 1-31. After removing the peripheral part of the orbicularis oculi muscle on the left side of the face, the attachment point of the levator anguli oris muscle to the upper jaw becomes visible. In addition, on the left side of the face, the zygomatic major and minor muscles and the depressor anguli oris muscle were removed. This allows access to the parotid duct crossing the masseter muscle. The lower jaw is also partially exposed.

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Rice. 1-32. On the left, the levator labii superioris muscle, the depressor labii inferioris muscle, and the orbicularis oculi muscle have been removed; parotid salivary gland visible

Rice. 1-32. On the left side of the face, the muscle that depresses the eyebrow has been removed, and the muscle that corrugates the eyebrow is visible. Most of the fibers of the corrugator muscle go under the frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle, but penetrate it in some places. After complete removal of the orbicularis oculi muscle, the orbital septum, or septum, is exposed. Near its lower edge, after abduction of the levator labii superioris muscle, the infraorbital foramen and the levator anguli oris muscle are visible. By removing the depressor labii inferioris muscle, the inferior labial portion of the orbicularis oris muscle is exposed. The fascia covering the parotid gland was also removed.

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Rice. 1-33. On the left side of the face, the superficial fascia covering the temporal muscle and the parotid salivary gland were removed

Rice. 1-33. After removing the temporalis fascia, the temporalis muscle and the temporal process of the fat pad of the cheek (left half of the face) become visible. The mental part of the orbicularis oris muscle is located under the muscle that depresses the lower lip and above the mental muscle.

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Rice. 1-34. On the right side of the face, the muscle that depresses the lower lip was removed. On the left, the tendon helmet of the occipitofrontal muscle (supracranial aponeurosis), the levator anguli oris muscle, the nasal muscle, the transverse part and the fascia of the masseter muscle were removed

Rice. 1-34. Although the corrugator muscle is located under the frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle, its fibers penetrate it and end in the subcutaneous fatty tissue. On the left half of the face, the fibers of the procerus muscle, running above the frontal abdomen, are partially preserved. The fascia of the masseter muscle was also removed on the left side.

The duct of the parotid salivary gland perforates the fatty body of the cheek and the buccal muscle near the anterior edge of the masseter muscle.

On the left side, the dorsal part of the nasal muscle was removed to visualize the upper lateral cartilage of the nose.

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Rice. 1-35. On the right side of the face, the occipitofrontal muscle was removed. On the left, the masseter muscle and the proud muscle have been removed

Rice. 1-35. On the right side, the fibers of the procerus muscle are preserved, running above the corrugator muscle. All muscles located in the perioral region, for example the levator anguli oris muscle (preserved only on the right side of the face), connect to the orbicularis oris muscle.

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Rice. 1-36. All nasal muscles and the right masseter muscle and the levator anguli oris muscle, as well as the fat pad of the cheek were removed

Rice. 1-36. The orbicularis oris and buccal muscles form a single functional system surrounding the oral cavity. The muscle fibers of the orbicularis oris muscle are located both circularly, surrounding the oral fissure, and radially, intertwined with the buccal muscles.

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Rice. 1-37. On the right side of the face, the orbicularis oris muscle and the buccal muscle are preserved. On the left, the orbicularis oris muscle was removed, the gums and both mental muscles were preserved

Rice. 1-37. The vestibule of the oral cavity is limited by the attachment of the buccal muscles to the upper and lower jaws.

Rice. 1-38. On the right side of the face, the cheek muscle and gums are preserved.

Rice. 1-39. The anterior projection of the skull schematically shows the places of muscle attachment. Some muscles are involved in the formation of bony projections or tuberosities (for example, the masticatory tuberosity), and some form concave surfaces (for example, the temporal fossa).

Rice. 1-40. The left half of the face is shown transparent to demonstrate the bony anatomical landmarks of the skull (colored darker). On the right, the skin shows the palpable surfaces of the face.

Human Body #11, page 17

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE /Section

ANATOMICAL ATLAS

Facial nerves

The functioning of the facial muscles, as well as involuntary functions such as tear production, are regulated by the facial nerves, which transmit signals to and from the brain.

Innervation (transmission of nerve impulses) of the facial muscles is carried out by the left and right facial nerves, each of which is responsible for the corresponding side. The nerve exits through a hole in the skull (Foramen stylomastoide-us), passes behind the lower part of the ear and reaches the facial muscles, giving off branches as it passes through the parotid salivary gland, located on the side of the face. Nerves are bundles of fibers that transmit electrical impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain. Most nerves, including the facial nerve, are made from a combination of these two types of fibers: those that send information to the brain and those that receive impulses from the brain.

NERVE DAMAGE The human body has 12 pairs of cranial nerves that provide a variety of functions, from moving the eyeballs to maintaining balance. The facial nerves are the 7th pair. Their main task is to conduct motor impulses to facial muscles. The masticatory muscles are innervated by the 5th pair of cranial nerves (trigeminal nerves).

In addition to innervating muscles, the facial nerve supports autonomic functions such as the secretion of tears and saliva, as well as the conduction of sensory impulses from the taste buds of the tongue.

Facial nerve diseases

In a relaxed state, a patient with Bell's palsy exhibits a characteristic sad facial expression (in this case, the lesion is on the left).

If you ask the patient to bare his teeth and squint his eyes, he will not be able to do this on the left side of his face due to paralysis.

The facial nerve can be damaged directly by facial trauma or by the development of inflammation, which causes swelling of the nerve located in the canal of the cranial bone. This can lead to paresis (weakening) or paralysis of the facial muscles, resulting in half the face taking on a sad expression.

In a person with damage to the facial nerve, the eyes are constantly closed, which predisposes the cornea and conjunctiva to dry out. The speech of such a patient is slurred, the lips are not able to articulate normally, the mouth cannot be

completely closed, and saliva and food often flow out of the mouth.

Bell's palsy is most often associated with swelling of the facial nerve. There are many symptoms of the disease: impaired hearing, taste, vision and muscle strength.

The facial nerve can be accidentally damaged when forceps are used during delivery. The mastoid process, located behind the ear, is not yet sufficiently ossified in newborns, which makes the nerve unprotected. The consequence of this damage may be paralysis of the facial muscles, interfering with sucking function.

Innervates the trumpeter muscle and the orbicularis oris muscle.

Innervates the circular muscle of the eye, the muscles that lift the upper lip and the edge of the nostril.

Penetrates the temporal bone through the auditory canal, passes

the inner ear and exits through the styloid opening.

The facial nerve is divided into five main branches; temporal, maxillary, buccal, mandibular and cervical. On the face, these branches continue to divide into smaller ones and innervate the facial muscles.

This salivary gland often becomes swollen during infection with the mumps virus.

Innervates the frontal, occipital muscles and the circular muscle of the eye.

Before the facial nerve enters the parotid gland and divides into branches, it innervates the occipital muscles of the scalp and the muscles of the ear.