Mid-distance running technique. Middle distance running: technique, tactics, training. Starting acceleration and start

Relay running: technique, tactics, training Relay running 4? 100 and 4? 200 m is carried out on separate tracks, and 4? 400 m – along a common path. The first stage or part of it, in accordance with the regulations and rules, can be run on separate tracks. Relay technique

Long-distance running: technique, tactics, training The increase in results in long-distance running until the 50–60s of the last century occurred mainly due to an increase in either the intensity or volume of training loads or an optimal combination of both

Chapter 4 Schools and styles of karate (technique, tactics and teaching methods) There are no good and bad styles, there are no good and bad techniques, there are good and bad performers! The motto of true karate masters Today no one knows the total number of schools and styles of karate. Are there several of them?

Section II Technique, tactics and strategy of karate Competitions and the victories and defeats associated with them are not true budo. Real victory is victory over yourself! Morihei Ueshiba When talking about technique, tactics and strategy of karate, one should always remember that the basis of karate

Average estimated air temperatures in the main rooms In sports halls in the absence of seats for spectators - 18 ° C. In the presence of seats for spectators - 15 ° C. In the halls of swimming pool baths - 1–2 ° C higher than the water temperature in the bath. In halls for preparatory classes in swimming pools

When teaching the technique of long-distance running, you can take the technique of short-distance running as a basis, only slightly changing some elements.

Start and starting acceleration. In middle and long distance running, a high start and a start with one hand resting on the ground are accepted.

High start. At the command “Start!” runners line up at the starting line. The strongest leg is placed close to the line (without stepping on it), slightly turning the toe inward. The other leg is placed 1.5-2 feet back, the body weight is evenly distributed on both legs. The torso is straightened, the arms are freely lowered.

At the command “Attention!” the runner bends his legs at the knee joints and tilts his torso forward at approximately an angle of 45° to the horizontal. Bending his arms at the elbow joints, the runner brings one forward, the other, opposite the leg in front, back. The weight of the body is transferred to the strongest leg. On the command “March!” the runner sharply rushes forward without straightening his torso, and after 4-6 steps the torso takes a vertical position, and the athlete proceeds to run along the distance.

Start with your hand on the ground. At the command “Start!” the athlete approaches the starting line and places the strongest leg 1-1.5 feet from the line, and the weaker leg 1.5-2 feet from the strongest. The torso leans forward, arms are lowered. At the command “Attention!” the legs bend at the knee joints, the torso leans forward even more. The hand opposite the front leg is lowered onto the track and rests on the ground, as in a low start; the other arm, bending at the elbow joint, is pulled back. On the command “March!” the athlete begins running in the same way as from a low start. The starting run ends after 6-8 running steps, and the athlete proceeds to run along the distance.

Middle and long distance running is carried out on a common track, so a number of tactical problems are solved already at the start and during the initial acceleration.

The greater the distance, the shorter the step. In accordance with this, the thigh of the swing leg rises to a lower height, the support phase is longer, although the take-off is performed as quickly and energetically as in running over shorter distances. Because the stance phase in long-distance running is longer and the pace is slower, the runner can better release the working muscles in the relative rest phases. With good muscle relaxation, the shoulders are lowered at the moment of the vertical (frame 2 in the figure), the knee of the swing leg is at the same moment lower than the knee of the supporting leg, and the pelvis is lowered towards the swing leg, the supporting leg bends more at the knee joint than in running short distances.

In mid- and long-distance running, the running technique at the finish line is the same as at distance. But what matters here is the athlete’s ability to resist the onset of fatigue and increase speed towards the finish line. This difficult task can only be accomplished by well-trained runners. Beginning athletes can be recommended to increase their speed towards the end of the distance in running 800-1000-1500 m in 150-200 m, in running over longer distances - in 200-300 m.

Throwing to the ribbon in middle and long-distance running can only be done if there is a sharp fight for place, since due to extreme fatigue it is difficult for the athlete to resist falling, which usually leads to injury.

After running, you need to slowly walk 15-20 m, lowering your arms, and exhale deeply several times. After 1-2 minutes. It is recommended to run 150-200 m very slowly to restore your breathing.

Breath

Proper breathing is of great importance for achieving good sports results. An athlete can change the rhythm of his breathing while running, monitor it, and increase it as the running speed increases. Breathing training is especially important in middle and long distance running.

Breathing in sprinting. Before the start, the athlete takes several deep breaths and exhales for 30-60 seconds. After the command “To start!”, having taken the correct starting position, he takes 2-3 deep breaths and exhales. When rising at the command “Attention!”, he takes a deep breath and exhales completely at the same time as leaving the start. While running along a distance, the mouth is half-open, frequent shallow breathing (running 100 m) alternates with several deep exhalations, and therefore subsequent full breaths.

Breathing in middle and long distance running. When running calmly and for a long time, a novice athlete should inhale for 2-3 steps and exhale for 2-3 steps. Approximately every 150-200 m you need to take 2-3 deep exhalations and inhalations. Qualified athletes breathe a little differently: inhale for 1-2 steps, exhale for 1 step, or inhale for 1 step and exhale for 1 step. Throughout the distance running, the breathing rhythm changes. From the start, the runner breathes deeper and less often, while accelerating - more often.

The runner should breathe through a half-open mouth and nose. Under no circumstances should you breathe only through your nose with your mouth tightly closed.

Running tactics

Tactics in sprinting are not complicated. 100 and 200 m must be run at the highest possible speed. In the 400m race, it is important to distribute the forces evenly. It happens that a beginner, starting in the first or second lane, tries too hard to catch up with those who started in lanes 4-5-6, catches up with them and comes to the finish line last.

To perform the third category in the 400 m race, we can recommend the following schedule for completing the distance in hundred-meter segments: 13.2-13.5-13.9-14.4 = 55.0 seconds.

In middle and long distance running, the tactics are much more complicated. The whole variety of tactical tasks can be reduced to two main ones - to win competitions or show a high result for yourself. For beginning runners, the second tactical task is considered the main one.

Hurdling

Hurdling is one of the technically difficult types of athletics. Therefore, you can start training in this type of running only after you have achieved good results in short-distance running.

At a distance of 110 m, 10 barriers are installed at a distance of 9 m 14 cm from one another, from the start line to the first barrier 13 m 72 cm, from the last barrier to the finish line 14 m 02 cm. The height of the barriers is 106 cm.
Beginning athletes should begin training on low barriers (76.2 cm), setting them first at 8 m from each other, and then at 8 m 50 cm. Gradually, the height of the barriers increases (first 91.4 cm, then 1 m), increases and the distance between them (8 m 75 cm, 9 m, 9 m 14 cm).

One of the features of hurdling is the ability to accurately calculate steps from the start to the first hurdle and between hurdles. Maintaining this constant number of steps over the entire distance is called the hurdling rhythm.

In the 100 m race, the running rhythm is as follows - the distance from the start to the first barrier (13 m 72 cm) the athlete runs in 8 steps (many of the strongest runners - in 7 steps), and between barriers - in 3 steps.

If an athlete needs an even number of steps (8 steps) for the starting segment, then at the start he rests his strongest leg on the front block; if it’s odd (7 or 9 steps), then the strongest leg rests on the far block. This is done in order to push off with your strongest leg at the place of the push in front of the barrier.

The start in the hurdles is the same as in the 100 m race, but in the starting acceleration the athlete straightens up much faster than in the smooth run.

The length of the steps in the starting acceleration is approximately the following: 65+115+130+145+160+180+190+180 (185) cm. There are 2m 02 cm - 2m 07 cm left before the barrier. From this distance the runner begins to overcome the barrier. The success of the entire race largely depends on how the first barrier is passed. The runner lands 150-155 cm from the barrier, so the barrier step is 3 m 50 cm. The athlete runs the distance between the barriers in 3 steps, their length is approximately 155-160, 190-200, 180-185 cm. The segment from the tenth barrier The athlete runs the usual sprint to the finish line.

The technique of crossing the barrier is quite complex.

The hurdler begins attacking the obstacle while standing on the ground (frame 2 in the picture). He sends his leg strongly bent at the knee joint forward perpendicular to the barrier, and directs his opposite hand forward, turning the palm down (frames 3 and 4). When the thigh of the swing leg rises to the horizontal line, the runner lifts off the ground (frame 3), straightens the leg at the knee joint and sends the shin forward (frame 4). The torso leans forward towards the leg (frames 5,6). In this position, the athlete quickly pulls up the pushing leg, bending it at the knee joint and moving it to the side.

The arm opposite the swing leg is pulled forward towards the foot (frame 5). As soon as the swing leg has crossed the barrier, the athlete actively lowers it down behind the obstacle, and the push knee is brought forward (frame 6). Landing is done on the toes, the torso is significantly tilted forward, the thigh of the swing leg is raised high (frame 8). This position behind the barrier facilitates a quick transition to running between barriers.

80m hurdles

Currently, women compete in hurdles at distances of 80 and 100 m. The height of the barriers at both distances is the same - 76.2 cm. At a distance of 80 m there are 8 barriers, and at 100 meters there are 10. The 100m hurdles is included in the program of large-scale competitions. The 80m hurdles are often included in competitions. At this distance, from the start line to the first barrier is 12 m, between barriers is 8 m, from the last barrier to the finish line is 12 m.
In the 80 m starting run, the athlete straightens her body a little earlier than in the sprint. The length of the step in the starting run is approximately the following: 50 + 105+ 120+ 135+145+155 + 165+155 cm. The barrier is attacked from a distance of 180-185 cm, landing at a distance of 100-115 cm; The athlete takes 3 steps between the barriers.
There is no fundamental difference in the technique of running 110 and 80 m; only some differences are observed due to the height of the barriers and running speed.

The starting run continues until the second barrier; when crossing the barrier, the torso leans forward slightly (frame 1), while in the 110 m run the torso is almost horizontal. Since the barriers here are low, when crossing them the knee of the pushing leg passes below the hip joint, the lower leg and foot rise slightly above the knee.

Therefore, the technique of running 80 m is similar to the technique of regular smooth running.
The landing behind the barrier is noteworthy. The swing leg is sharply lowered behind the obstacle (frame 3) and placed on the ground, with the toe “under you”, the torso tilt is maintained, and the thigh of the pushing leg is quickly moved forward. This allows you to reduce the braking effect at the moment of landing and quickly move on to running between barriers.
Finishing occurs in the same way as in a regular sprint.

Technique for 3000 m steeplechase running

The 3000m steeplechase requires the high level of fitness that long-distance runners possess and good technique for jumping obstacles.
In running this distance, the athlete overcomes 5 obstacles on each 400-meter lap, one of which is placed near a pit with water. There are 35 obstacles in total, 7 of which are water pits.
In this type of running, the technique of overcoming barriers is of great importance. Only through rational technique of overcoming obstacles can a runner improve his result by 25 - 30 seconds.
“Dead” obstacles are installed along the distance, so the athlete can step on them when crossing. There are two ways to overcome barriers - “advancing” and “barrier step”. The “stepping” method is less effective, but it is used by beginning athletes, since insufficient technical and physical preparation does not allow them to rationally use the more effective, but more difficult method - the “barrier step”.
To overcome the barrier using the “stepping” method, the athlete must hit the take-off point with his strongest leg, at a distance of 100-130 cm. Slightly tilting the torso forward, he swings the leg bent at the knee joint, sending the shin forward slightly and tilting the torso even more, gently puts his foot on the barrier. At the barrier, the runner bends his leg even more and tries to go over it as low as possible in order to land softly behind the barrier and continue running faster. Under no circumstances should you stand on the barrier. The pushing leg, bending strongly, sweeps over the barrier and quickly falls behind the barrier. The athlete lands 80-120 cm from the obstacle on the toe of the same leg with which he pushed off.
You should not push far from the barrier. It is important to immediately continue running after landing.
The technique of overcoming obstacles with a “barrier step” is not fundamentally different from the technique of overcoming barriers in short-distance running. You just need to pay attention to a few features. Firstly, since the height of the barrier in the 3000 m steeplechase is lower (91.4 cm) than in the 3000 m hurdles (106 cm) and the running speed is much lower, the torso leans forward slightly when overcoming the obstacle. Secondly, to overcome an obstacle you should take off at a distance of 140-170 cm from the barrier, and land at a distance of 110-115 cm. Thirdly, a 3000 m steeplechase runner crosses the barrier slightly higher so as not to hit the obstacle with a flywheel or, what happens much more often, with a pushing leg.
As a rule, when overcoming obstacles, beginners push off with their strongest leg. The distance between the barriers is 80 m. With each subsequent lap, fatigue increases, the frequency of steps and running speed changes, and it is impossible to correctly calculate the steps and accurately get to the take-off point. Therefore, a 3000m runner must be able to overcome obstacles well, pushing off with either leg. In addition, the runner must develop an accurate eye so that at a distance of 10-15 m from the barrier he knows which foot he will push off with and get to the place of the push. If the adjustment is made 4-5 m from the obstacle, the running rhythm will be disrupted and the speed will decrease.

Of particular importance is the technique of overcoming the barrier and the water hole. 10-15 m from the obstacle, the athlete increases his running speed and calculates his steps so as to push off with his weaker leg 170-150 cm from the barrier. When pushing off, the athlete makes a swing with his leg strongly bent at the knee joint and brings his opposite arm forward (frames 1, 2). In flight, he tilts his body slightly and brings his shin forward. The foot touches the upper bar of the barrier with the middle part, at this time the leg bends strongly at the knee, and the torso leans forward even more (frames 3, 4). This is necessary to avoid “hard” placing your foot on the barrier. The foot should be placed on the barrier so that the toe extends slightly beyond the barrier and rests better when pushing off from it (frame 4). A constant forward tilt of the torso and a low swing leg make it easier to push off after passing the vertical moment (when the knee of the swing leg passes the knee of the pushing leg). During the take-off, the runner, maintaining an inclination of the torso, sharply brings forward the swing leg, strongly bent at the knee, resulting in a kind of jump in step (frame 5). In the second half of the flight, the runner brings his legs together, spreads his arms slightly to the sides to maintain balance, and directs his flying leg with his shin down (frame 6).
The runner touches the ground with the toe of the swing leg, while the hip of the pushing leg is carried far up for a quick start to the next step. At this moment, it is important to maintain a forward lean of the torso and very quickly place the swing leg on the ground for the next step (frames 7,8).

Landing behind an obstacle on both feet at the same time is a gross mistake. Typically, the runner stops at this point.

The strongest runners of the USSR (Pugachevsky, Kazantsev, Rzhishchin) usually jumped over a pit of water, and it is not considered a mistake if an athlete lands with one foot in a pit of water.

It is necessary to start practicing the technique on segments up to 100 meters long. It is recommended that you watch the videos and study the visual aids first. The position of a runner's body when moving in a straight line can be generally described as follows:

— the body is tilted forward no more than 5°;

— shoulders relaxed;

— shoulder blades slightly retracted;

— the lower back bends slightly forward;

— the neck is straight, the muscles of the face and neck look relaxed.

When running at medium distances, the foot lands on the toe. The runner's body weight is then transferred first to the outer edge of the foot, and finally to the entire foot. The feet are strictly parallel, the distance between them is the width of the foot. It is impossible to turn the foot outward, as this reduces the repulsion force.

The athlete should strive to reduce the impact load by softly planting the foot. The legs are slightly bent at the knee joints - this contributes to better shock absorption and an increase in the frequency of steps, and therefore speed. From the outside, the runner's movements should look springy. During the push-off phase, the pelvis moves forward. Straightening the leg occurs “from top to bottom” - from the hip to the knee, and then to the ankle joint.

The arms are bent at the elbow at an angle of 90°, the shoulders do not rise. When running, the arms move parallel to the legs and do not move to the sides. "Spread of elbows" is unacceptable. If you don't watch your arms and shoulders, they will move too freely, causing you to sway your body and slow down your speed. You need to move your elbows primarily forward or backward, but not upward: the greater the amplitude of movement of the elbow, the faster the hand gets tired.

Competitive middle-distance running involves going through curves. At these moments, the athlete must move slightly differently than described above. How exactly?

— the body tilts slightly “inward” of the turn;

— the amplitude of movement of the inner hand decreases (compared to the outer);

- the outer (right) shoulder moves slightly forward;

— the amplitude of movement of the inner leg is reduced (compared to the outer leg);

- the swing movement of the outer leg is directed partly inward;

— the foot of the outer leg turns inward when resting on the ground.

At medium distances, a runner does not have the opportunity to greatly increase the stride length, since this leads to rapid accumulation of fatigue. Typically, the step length is from 160 to 220 cm. If you need to speed up, it makes sense to increase not the length, but the frequency of steps. The normal frequency of steps at medium distances is 170 - 220, depending on the individual characteristics of the athlete.

The technique of running for middle distances is learned gradually, preferably under the guidance of a coach. Errors must be corrected as soon as possible. It's easy to track them down. So if:

- the athlete’s body is too tense, leaning excessively forward or even backward;

- the thigh does not rise high enough;

— complete repulsion does not occur;

- the body sways too much;

- arms fully straighten;

it is necessary to continue working on the technique.

To improve it, it is recommended to include special running exercises (SBU) in your training: high hip lifts, shin sweeps, running on your toes, simulating hand movements in place, running with jumps forward, skipping, mincing running.

Breath

Effective middle-distance running is impossible without practicing proper breathing. One breath is inhalation + exhalation. At high movement speed, 4 steps require 1 breath. As fatigue accumulates, the rhythm changes, breathing becomes more frequent, and this is normal.

Competitive tactics

An athlete specializing in middle distances requires not only endurance, but also the ability to distribute his strength, choose the right pace and change running technique depending on a specific area. Tactical skills develop as competitive experience accumulates. But there are also general recommendations on how to plan movement along the distance.

So, at the command “To start!” the pushing leg, which is more powerful, is placed forward. The other is moved back 40-50 cm. Having heard the command “Attention!”, the athlete must bend his knees, tilt his body forward by 40-45° and transfer his weight mainly to the pushing leg. Your arms should be bent at the elbows. You can rest your hand on the ground.

After the command “March!” the athlete pushes off with the front leg and takes the first step with the back leg, sharply moving the body forward. In the first meters the slope gradually decreases to 7°. The athlete’s task at the beginning of the race is to take an advantageous position among other runners and gain a speed that he can maintain throughout the entire distance. This usually occurs in the first 60-80 meters and is achieved by increasing stride length and frequency. If the speed is calculated correctly, then the runner will have enough strength to successfully cover the distance and even make the finishing dash.

The correct technique for running over medium distances involves short breaks in the take-off phase. They allow the runner to maintain both strength and speed over 500 - 2,000 meters. In order to quickly accelerate, reach the optimal speed and maintain it, regular, systematic training with changing tempo is necessary. 100 - 400 meters (depending on the length of the distance) before the finish line, the runner should increase the inclination of the body, the length of steps, and, if possible, the frequency of steps and arm movements. The finish is carried out at the maximum speed that the athlete can only show. As a rule, technology can be neglected in the last meters.

Nature of training

Practicing the technique should be accompanied by periodic video recording of training sessions and its analysis. It is important to include exercises for general physical training (GPP) and SBU into the training process. Any training should be preceded by. It is advisable for her to finish it.

Training is carried out mainly in the arena or stadium, less often on cross-country tracks. So, to practice turns, you need to choose natural routes with complex trajectories. When entering a turn, the runner must work more intensely with his arms and increase the frequency of steps, and when exiting it, he must lengthen his stride and reduce the speed of his arms. Do not neglect outdoor training in autumn or winter, during rain or snowfall. Running on slippery, loose, wet surfaces requires caution, but provides good additional exercise for small muscles that usually don't work, and strengthens joints and ligaments.

To improve technique and speed qualities, short distance running (50-100 meters) with constant acceleration, interval training (several accelerations of 100-200 meters with partial or complete recovery between them), running at a constant pace, fartlek (running with shifts) are used. pace, frequency and length of steps). To practice a spectacular finish, sprint accelerations are used (45 - 100 meters for every 100 - 200 meters, 10 - 20 approaches). We should also not forget about recovery running at low heart rate and long running (for example, 10 km), especially during the preparatory period. Every two weeks it is necessary to conduct a control run over a distance of 1000 m to 5000 m.

Conclusion

In terms of technique, middle-distance running is close to long-distance running. It requires endurance, the ability to maintain a high pace, and the ability to accelerate. It is important for an athlete to work not only on the correct algorithm of movements, but also on tactics. To do this, you need to compete and study records of high-level races. By regularly conducting high-intensity training, the athlete must be able to recover. With overtraining, there can be no talk of improving speed characteristics.

Middle distances are available to both adults and children from 12 to 13 years old. When teaching children to run, it is important to pay special attention to developing the motor mechanism and correcting mistakes so that they do not become a habit.

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Federal Agency for Railway Transport Ural State University of Transport and Communications Branch of UrGUPS in Nizhny Tagil

Abstract research work

Topic: Middle distance running

Is done by a student:

Group No. 143

Gushchin S.K.

Checked:

Ryabkova N.V.

Nizhny Tagil, 2013

Introduction

Running is one of the methods of movement (locomotion) of humans and animals; characterized by the presence of the so-called “flight phase” and is carried out as a result of complex coordinated activity of skeletal muscles and limbs. Running is characterized, in general, by the same cycle of movements as when walking, the same acting forces and functional muscle groups. The difference between running and walking is the absence of a double support phase during running.

Running provides good conditions as an aerobic workout, which increases the threshold of endurance, has a positive effect on the cardiovascular system, increases the body's metabolism and thus helps control body weight. Running has a positive effect on the immune system and improves skin tone. Strengthening the leg muscles and improving metabolism helps prevent and eliminate cellulite.

Running allows you to establish the rhythmic functioning of the endocrine and nervous systems. During running, when a person constantly overcomes the earth's gravity, jumping up and down in a vertical position, the blood flow in the vessels comes into resonance with running, and previously unused capillaries are activated. Blood microcirculation activates the activity of internal secretion organs. The flow of hormones increases and helps coordinate the activities of other organs and systems of the body.

Basically, running involves the muscles of the heart, thighs and lower legs, and in the legs there are not the same nodes of the same muscles that many athletes try to load in the gym, replacing running. When running, the lower leg muscles involve more than just the calf muscle, which can develop when walking in heels. The foot is also pushed by the flexor and extensor muscles of the big and middle toes, and the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles develop. This makes the shin more even or full, harmoniously developed.

The rectus abdominis muscle receives secondary muscle development, mainly in the nodes near the pubis. But the development of breathing also develops the costal nodes of this muscle.

Breathing while running is based on the body's need for oxygen. Oxygen starvation causes an increased heart rate, which affects increased breathing. Breathing, in which it is easy for a runner to talk, is called aerobic, and is considered by the pulse to be less than 60% of the maximum possible. Breathing that makes it difficult to talk is called breathing with oxygen starvation. Artificially created oxygen hunger forces the muscles to work more actively, increase the number of microcapillaries, develop an increased number of blood vessels in the lungs, which allows oxygen to be taken out of a smaller amount of air of better quality.

They run on an empty stomach, planning their meals in such a way that the stomach is empty before the start of training. A full stomach strains the pancreas and can cause pain in the side.

For longer runs (from 1 to 2 hours), it is advisable to take quickly digestible food. People who are actively involved in running use sports nutrition.

The first Olympic competitions BC were held only in running. According to legend, the first Olympic Games were organized by Hercules in 1210 BC. e. From 776 BC e. records were kept about the Olympic games that were held only in running one stage (192 m). In 724 BC e. Two-stage competitions have been added. In 720 BC e. a race of seven stages was added and, as an example to the winner, athletes began to compete naked, this was facilitated by the culture of society, which exalted tanned athletic bodies. Women of childbearing age were not allowed to participate in the games; only men competed in running.

Running and running competitions are known in the history of Homo sapiens at all times, on all continents, of all peoples, starting with Homo sapiens. These are the physical exercises that were necessary for girls of ancient Greece to give birth to healthy children. (Aristotle wrote about this when criticizing legislation that does not oblige parents to play sports with girls).

1. Middle distance running

This group of types of athletics running includes distances from 800 to 2000 m. At the beginning of the last century in Europe, these distances were called middle-distance running, however, unlike its “neighbors” - sprint and stayer running, this name for middle-distance running did not “take root” . Now the Olympic program includes four distances of this group - 800 and 1500 m running for men and women. Both men's distances were included in the program of the Games of the 1st Olympic Games in 1896 and have occupied a permanent place in it since then. Middle-distance running is not as lightning fast as a sprint, and not as long as a stayer's, so it is very popular among spectators. The intense competition of tactical options, the constant “game” of speeds - all this makes middle-distance running very attractive. athletics running distance physiology

Women became participants in Olympic competitions much later than men. During the athletes' debut at the 1928 Olympic Games, they had the opportunity to start in the 800 m. However, the first “pancake” turned out to be “lumpy”. Despite the fact that this distance aroused some interest among athletes, 25 runners from 13 countries took to the start (for comparison, 31 participants from the same 13 countries competed in the 100 m distance). The IOC leadership was horrified and for 32 years opposed the return of middle-distance runners to the Olympic family. The fact was that after the finish, all 9 participants in the final collapsed on the treadmill in exhaustion, which caused a shock among the Olympic leadership, who did not even delve into the fact that this was an outstanding race at that time. Its winner, Lina Radtke, immediately broke her own world record by three seconds, which was also improved by both winners. The next world record at this distance was recorded only 16 years later. But the IOC decided that this distance is not for women, who are dangerous to run more than two hundred meters. And the 800 m race was returned to the Olympic program only at the 1960 Olympic Games, the winner of which, Soviet runner Lyudmila Shevtsova, ran the distance in the final 6.5 seconds faster than the first Olympic champion among men. As for the women's 1500 m race, it only entered the Olympic program in 1972. But this time no one doubted that the new event was included artificially and it would remain in the shadows. The first Olympic champion, Russian Lyudmila Bragina, started three times in Munich and finished with a world record each time. The last of them would allow her to win the men's final at the 1920 Olympic Games.

Both distances, although they belong to the same group, are moving further and further away from each other over time. Only at the dawn of the modern Olympic Games did several runners achieve a golden double - Australian Edwin Flack (1896), Americans James Lightbody (1904) and Melvin Sheppard (1908), and Englishman Albert Hill (1920) managed to win both distances at the same Games. The exception was the outstanding New Zealander Peter Snell (1964), who completed this list in the second half of the century. Over the next forty years, there was no runner who could accomplish this. In the 80s, the Englishmen Stephen Ovett and Sebastian Coe were close to this, but they only “shared” the awards at the 1980 Olympic Games.

2 gold each medals in the 800 m race were won by Englishman Douglas Lowe, American Melvin Whitefield and New Zealander Peter Snell, and in the 1500 m race by Sebastian Coe. The geography of the distribution of Olympic gold in men's middle distance running is as follows: in the 800 m race it went to representatives of 10 countries (USA - 8, Great Britain - 6, Australia, New Zealand and Kenya - 2 each, Cuba, Brazil, Norway, Germany and Russia - one each). Russian Yuri Borzakovsky won the 2004 Olympic Games. At 1500 m gold. medals were won by representatives of 13 countries (Great Britain - 5, Finland, New Zealand and Kenya - 3 each, the USA and Australia - 2 each, and seven more countries - one each).

In the women's 800 m race, where the championship was competed 13 times, the highest awards were won by representatives of 7 countries: USSR - 4 (including Russia - 3), Germany - 3 (including Germany, Germany and the GDR - - one each), Great Britain - 3, USA - 2, Romania, the Netherlands and Mozambique - one each. Half is evil. medals in the 1500 m race were awarded to athletes from Russia - 4, and the rest - from Algeria - 2, Italy, Romania and Great Britain - one each. The only athlete who managed to win gold at two Olympics in one type of middle-distance running was the Russian Tatyana Kazankina, who won the 1500 m distance in 1976 and 1980. She, along with another Russian - Svetlana Masterkova and Englishwoman Kelly Holmes, belongs to and another achievement - only they managed to win both evils at one Games. medals at middle distances.

The only difference in the competition rules for middle distance running is the start. In the 800 m race, participants start in separate lanes; if necessary, two runners can start in one lane. After running through the first turn, the athletes enter the common track. At a distance of one and a half kilometers, the start is curved - from an arc, which is carried out so that all runners, no matter what starting position they get as a result of the draw, are at an equal distance from the finish.

1.1 800 meter run

Running 800 meters is a discipline that belongs to the middle distances of the running track and field program. However, many people consider this distance to be a long sprint. It requires athletes to have endurance (including speed), sprinting qualities and tactical thinking. It has been an Olympic track and field discipline for men since 1896 and for women since 1928.

The 800-meter run is the shortest middle distance in the major athletics competition. Athletes in the 800-meter race begin their run from separate starting positions and from a high start. Where the first bend ends (115 meters), runners must enter the common path and walk along it for the rest of the distance. Usually at major competitions (World Championships, European Championships and Olympic Games), the 800-meter race is held in three laps (less often two laps), according to the rules and depending on the number of participants.

The 800-meter distance is characterized by all the tactical techniques usual for average athletics distances.

As a rule, when covering a distance, runners cover the first 400 meters faster than the last and begin the decisive acceleration after 600-650 meters. High-class athletes, in order to achieve high results, must be able to cover the first 400 meters in less than 50 seconds.

1.2 1000 meter run

Running 1000 meters is a discipline that belongs to the middle distance running program of athletics. This distance is rarely held at major official competitions. Mostly 1000 meter races are held at commercial competitions. The 1000 meter race is not included in the program of the Olympic Games, World and European Championships. On a 400-meter circle, the distance is 2.5 laps, the start is given from the beginning of the far turn. Indoors: 5 laps of 200 meters, start before the bend.

1.3 1500 meter run

Running 1500 meters is a discipline that belongs to the middle distance running track and field program. Requires endurance (including speed) and tactical thinking from athletes. It has been an Olympic track and field discipline for men since 1896 and for women since 1972. Included in the men's track and field decathlon program.

Athletes in the 1500m race start from a high start and a general starting position. At the Olympic Games and World Championships it is held in 3 rounds, that is, preliminary heats, semi-finals and the final heat. In commercial competitions such as the Diamond League or the IAAF World Challenge, there is a single final race.

The 1500-meter distance is characterized by all the tactical techniques common to average athletics distances. To achieve world record-level results for men, an athlete must be able to complete a lap in less than 55 seconds and accelerate on the last lap. There are many cases in the history of athletics when athletes who competed at a distance of 1500 meters combined it with an 800-meter distance. It is less typical when stayers from longer distances perform at 1500 meters. A related distance to 1500 meters is the mile (1609 meters), popular in the UK and USA.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, this discipline has been particularly popular in the UK, New Zealand, Australia and the USA. Beginning in the 1970s, athletes from Africa began to intervene in the dispute. The history of this discipline included a confrontation (1980s)

Since the 1960s, athletes from the USSR, East Germany, and Romania dominated the 1500 meters. At the 1972 Olympics in Munich, Lyudmila Bragina set an unsurpassed achievement, breaking the world record three times during the games. In the 1990s, a number of female athletes from China gained fame by breaking the world record and setting several outstanding results, bringing the world record to 3 minutes 50.46 seconds. However, experts tend to attribute these achievements to the consequences of doping.

1.4 1 mile run

The 1 mile (1609.344 m) is an official sporting event and the only non-metric distance for which the IAAF still records world records. Like the 1,000 meters and 2,000 meters, it is not an Olympic event.

Briton Roger Bannister became the first person to run a mile under four minutes. For women, the first five-minute mile was achieved by Diana Leather (GBR) 23 days after Bannister's record. The first high school student to break the four-minute mile was Jim Ryan of Compton, California, who ran 3:59.0 in 1964.

1.5 2000 meter run

The 2000 meter race is an average distance event in athletics in which the athlete runs 5 laps of 400 meters in an outdoor stadium.

The 2000m has never been an Olympic distance. It was also not included in the program of the World Athletics Championships. Often used by runners as a test before important races.

1.6 3000 meter run

The 3000m is an average distance event in athletics in which the athlete runs 7.5 laps of 400m in an outdoor stadium.

For men, 3000m has never been an Olympic distance. It was also not held at the World Athletics Championships. It is sometimes held at European level competitions, but not as often as the 5000m and 3000m steeplechase. For women, this distance was part of the Olympic program in 1984, 1988 and 1992. At the World Championships, the 3000 meters distance was held in 1983, 1987, 1991 and 1993, then was cancelled.

The world record for men's 3000 meters is held by Kenyan athlete Daniel Komen. Established on September 1, 1996 and is 7.20.67.

The world record for women's 3000 meters belongs to Chinese athlete Wang Junxia. Installed on September 13, 1993 and is 8.06.11.

A distance of 3000 m (or 2 miles, which is approximately equal to 3200 m) is widely used in the general physical training of men. A physically developed man of 16-25 years old with minimal training is able to run 3 km in 13 minutes, this is considered an “A” in physical education classes. Women, as a rule, are not allowed to run at such distances, limiting themselves to 1500 m.

Conclusion

Thus, we can say that middle distance running is a separate discipline in athletics and requires certain skills and training in order to achieve good results in this discipline. This is an attractive type of sports activity in its own way and can be done by anyone who wants to develop a good respiratory system and good endurance.

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