History and stages of development of skiing. Sports games: Homeland of skis. New skiing

History of the development of skiing

1. The appearance and initial use of skis

(ancient period)

The general history of skiing is conditionally divided into the ancient period (BC - the appearance and initial use of skis), the pre-sport period (the first half of the 19th century - the use of skis in labor and military activities), the sports period (the middle19th century - the formation and development of skiing). These periods are closely connected with each other and historically follow one from the other.

The appearance of skis was due to the human need to get food in winter. There are several versions about the invention of skis by man. We'll look at two.

1. An ancient man, hunting in deep snow, accidentally stepped on a branch, bark, a chip and felt relief in moving. This may have given the hunter the idea of ​​attaching these objects to the legs.

2. An ancient man, saving his feet from the cold, wrapped them with the skin of a dead animal, which increased the area of ​​\u200b\u200bsupport and reduced immersion in the snow.

The first skis were undoubtedly walking ones. The lower part of the ski was polished during the movement and slipped on the slopes, which, obviously, served as an impetus for the creation of sliding skis. Further improvement of skis developed in three directions:

– in the zone of dense forest, where the snow is usually loose, stepping skis developed and improved;

– in the sparse forest zone, where snow is usually of medium density, short and wide sliding skis developed and improved;

– in the zone of sparse forest and treelessness, where there is a strong crust, narrower and longer sliding skis have been developed.

The territory on which the first skis appeared has not been exactly established. The most common versions are:

I.Skiing first appeared among people who lived on the territory of Central Siberia (in the region of Baikal and Northern Altai), and in connection with the great migration of peoples spread east towards Alaska, Japan and northwest and west towards the Scandinavian Peninsula and Central Europe .

II.Skis appeared everywhere where a person lived in a snowy winter, and their appearance has no connection with the great migration of peoples. The second version, in our opinion, is more plausible.

The development of skiing in Russia

In the second half of the nineteenth century. In Russia, an organized sports movement began to develop. Ski clubs first appeared in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In 1894, 13 athletes of the Moscow Cyclists' Club and 7 skiers organized a skiers' circle, which was headed by an elected committee of 3 people. For 6 months, the circle has done a lot of work: developed the charter of the Moscow Ski Club (MKL); held the first official cross-country skiing competition in Russia (02/19/1895) for the title of the best skier of the circle; prepared a constituent assembly for the election of the leadership of the LCL.

On March 3, 1895, the Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia authorized the opening of the club and the Governor-General of Moscow approved its charter. Organizational and economic work was carried out all summer, and on August 25, 1895, a constituent assembly was held, at which a governing body was elected - a committee of the club of 11 people, chaired by I.P. Roslyakov, who is the initiator of the creation of the skiers' club and its leader.

On December 17, 1895, the grand opening of the club and its ski station took place.The opening day of the club (December 29, new style) in 1895 is considered the birthday of skiing in our country.

In addition to the MKL in Moscow in 1901, the Society of Skiing Amateurs (OLLS) was created; in 1910 - the Sokolniki Ski Club (SKL) and the Moscow Society of Alpine Skiing and Water Sports (MOGL and VS). In addition to these organizations, skiing in Moscow was cultivated in the winter in 11 other sports clubs.

It should be noted that the first competitions were held even before the organization of ski clubs: in 1894 in St. Petersburg - two competitions in cross-country skiing for a distance of a quarter of a mile, and in 1895 in Moscow ski races for 1 and 3 miles.

There were no ski clubs in other cities of Russia, but in big cities clubs for various sports in winter made ski trips and held episodic competitions. Active work in skiing began in 1907 in 32 cities of Russia.

The Moscow Ski League (MLL) is the first public skiing organization in Moscow. The All-Russian Union of Skiers (VSL) is the first organization of public management of skiing in Russia. A significant event in the history of skiing in Russia was the big ski crossings. Teaching and coaching personnel were not specially trained, classes in clubs were conducted by the most capable athletes.

April 22, 1918 V.I. Lenin drafted a Decree on the general military training of workers under the age of 40 and pre-conscription training of young people from the age of 16.

In 1919, the Defense Council ordered general education to engage in the preparation and formation of ski detachments. In the period from 1918 to 1923, general education and the Red Army had a major impact on the mass development of skiing in our country.

3. Sports period

(mid-19th century - the formation and development of skiing)

The introduction of the TRP complex in 1930 led to a restructuring of the educational and training work of sports organizations. Skiing was included in all levels of the TRP complex, which contributed to the replenishment of the ranks of skiers-athletes.

In 1936, the Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was created, a decision was made to create voluntary sports societies, this gave a new impetus to the further development of skiing.

In 1947, in order to encourage the growth of sports achievements of Soviet athletes, gold, silver and bronze medals were established to reward winners of the USSR championships and record holders and tokens of the same value for prize-winners and record holders of the Union republics, Moscow and Leningrad. The All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions approved tokens for the three strongest athletes at the championships of the Central Council of the Far East.

In 1920, the 1st championship of the RSFSR was held in Moscow for a distance of 30 km, which was won by N. Vasiliev. In 1924, such a competition was already held as the championship of the USSR.

Since 1962, winter sports days of the peoples of the USSR have been held every four years, 2 years before the Olympic Games. This competition attracts up to 20 million participants.

Since 1969, the USSR championship in certain types of skiing has been held annually in our country. Competitions for ultra-marathon distances (over 50 km) were held in pre-revolutionary Russia; under Soviet rule, ultra-marathon races took place in 1938 and 1939. In 1934, a complex ski base was built in the country.

Teaching, coaching and scientific personnel began to be trained from the first years of Soviet power. As early as 1918, training courses for ski instructors were organized. In 1920, by decree of V.I. Lenin in Moscow, the Institute of Physical Culture was created, physical education courses began to be held in Petrograd P.F. Lesgaft. Scientific and methodical literature has been published since 1919.

The Winter Olympic Games and the world championships in skiing were preceded (since 1901) by international competitions and the Northern Games. Since 1924, the IOC began to hold the Olympic Games once every four years. The FLS considered that the gap between these competitions was large, and since 1929 it began to annually play the world championship in all types of skiing. Since 1950, the championship in racing, biathlon and jumping has been held once every four years (between the Olympic Games).

4. The history of the development of skiing abroad

The first information about the use of skis for sports purposes in the Scandinavian countries dates back to the Middle Ages. Skiing began to develop primarily in military units and detachments. In the XVI century. cross-country skiing and other exercises were used to prepare soldiers for combat operations. Skiing began to spread throughout Norway, later - in Sweden. The popularization of skiing was facilitated by ski runs for 220 and 460 km, organized by the polar explorer A. Nordenskiöld (1883-1884). The first ski club was founded in Stockholm in 1885. As in Norway, skiing in Sweden developed primarily on cross-country tracks.

Other Western European countries began to cultivate skiing later than the Scandinavian ones. Climatic conditions contributed primarily to the development of mountain species. At the end of the nineteenth century. ski clubs were established in Austria, Switzerland, Italy, France, etc.

At the beginning of the XX century. skiing has become quite widespread in Europe. In 1910, an international ski congress was held in Oslo, where a decision was made to organize the International Ski Federation. International competitions began to be held regularly.

Since 1924, the program of the I-IV Winter Olympics included only cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Nordic combined for men. Since 1936, skiing began to be included - for men and women. Cross-country skiing for women began to be held only from the VI Winter Olympics (Oslo, 1952). Relay races for men were introduced in 1936 (4x10 km) and for women in 1956 (3x5 km).

World championships in cross-country skiing have been held by the International Ski Federation since 1925, but only since 1937 they began to be officially called the world championship, but the winners of these competitions are considered world champions until 1937. For women, world championships began to be held in 1954. Alpine skiing world championships began to be held in 1931.

Russian skiers,

top performers on the world stage

Men

1. Larisa Lazutina

1. Alexey Prokurorov

2. Elena Vyalbe

2. Vyacheslav Vedenin

3. Olga Danilova

3. Sergey Savelyev

4. Nina Gavrilova

4. Nikolai Zimyatov

5. Julia Chepalova

5. Vladimir Kuzin

6. Lyubov Egorova

6. Pavel Kolchin

7. Galina Kulakova

7. Vladimir Smirnov

8. Raisa Smetanina

8. Evgeny Dementiev

5. Terminology

1. Skier landing - working posture, the optimal position of his body parts in different phases of the stroke cycle. There are low, medium and high landings, which depends primarily on the degree of flexion in the hip, knee and ankle joints.

2. Phase – conditionally selected part of the cycle of the move.

3. Cycle of movements - a relatively closed circuit of elements, phases, movements that make up an integral motor action, which is repeated many times when moving on skis. The cycle has a number of temporal and spatial characteristics.

4. Cycle time - the time during which the skier, having completed all the movements of the cycle, returns to its original position again. (Any moment in the stroke cycle can be taken as the beginning of the cycle, but usually this is the moment the skis leave the support at the end of the kick.)

5. Cycle length - the distance traveled in one cycle, it can be determined by pushes with the same hand and stick.

6. Average speed in a cycle is the ratio of the cycle length to its duration.

7. Repulsion with arms and legs - actions that ensure the progressive movement of the skier forward, the speed of movement depends on their effectiveness.

8. Glide – part of the stroke cycle (phase) in which the repulsion effect is realized. The phase of free sliding is distinguished, when the skier slides by inertia after repulsion, and the phase of sliding with support on a stick (repulsion with a stick).

9. Squatting - preliminary bending of the leg in the hip, knee and extension in the ankle joints before repulsion, which ensures its effectiveness.

10. Roll - the movement of the common center of body mass over the support after the end of the push with the foot (when sliding on another ski) from the extreme rear to the extreme front position.

11. Lunge - movement of the fly leg after it has already passed the supporting leg.

12. Lunge length - the distance between the feet at the moment the ski is taken off the snow during repulsion.

13. Support leg - a leg that takes on part or all of the skier's body weight, usually performs this function when gliding on one ski.

14. Pushing leg - a leg that performs repulsion from the surface of the support (snow).

15. Flying leg - a leg that makes a free swing movement after repulsion, first back and up, and then active forward movement.

16. Pushing arm - a hand that performs repulsion with a stick due to pressure on it at the beginning of the cycle, which, with a rigid system of force transfer (arm-trunk-leg), facilitates pressure on a sliding ski; then by pulling the shoulder back and at the end by extending the arm at the elbow joint.

17. Flying hand - a hand that makes a free movement after pushing with a stick, first back and up, and then an active forward movement when the stick is carried out.

18. The pace of movements - the frequency of movements (cycles or steps) in one minute.

19. Rhythm of movements - a regular alternation of elements of movement, strictly defined by temporal and spatial parameters.

20. Range of motion - the range of motion in the joints, determined in angular degrees or linear measures with a total measurement in several joints (lunge length).

21. General center of mass (MCM) of the body - the point of interaction of all forces that arise when moving on skis.

22. Common center of gravity (CGT) - point of application of the resultant gravity forcesall parts of the body.

23. Movement system - a natural combination of individual movements of a skier into a single whole. When analyzing the system of movements in ski runs, it is necessary to establish the composition of its elements.

24. General structure of movements - natural ways of combining elements of movements in ski moves. It combines kinematic, dynamic and informational structures.

History of skiing

Skiing has become one of the most popular winter sports around the world. There is no sport more democratic, accessible, so closely connected with nature and so useful for a person.

The appearance of skis was due to the need of a person to get food on the hunt in winter and move around the area covered with snow.

Skis appeared everywhere where a person lived in a snowy winter. The first skis were walking. One of the latest finds (A.M. Miklyaev, 1982) was found on the territory of the Pskov region. According to experts, this ski is one of the oldest - made about 4300 years ago.

The first written documents on the use of sliding skis date back to the 6th-7th centuries. n. e. The Gothic monk Jordanes in 552, the Greek historians Jordanes in the 6th century, Abel the Deacon in 770. describe the use of skis by Laplanders and Finns in everyday life and hunting. At the end of the 7th century The historian Verefrid gave a detailed description of the skis and their use by the peoples of the North in the hunt for the beast. King of Norway Olaf Trugvasson according to the records of 925. represented by a good skier. In 960 skis are mentioned as an accessory for training Norwegian court dignitaries.

The first use of the word "ski" in Rus' refers to the XII century. Metropolitan Nikifor in a letter to the Kyiv prince Vladimir Monomakh uses the word "skis".

The folk epic of the northern countries often represented gods on skis, which was considered one of the main advantages, for example, the Norwegian god of skiing and hunting Ull.

The forced need of primitive man to invent and use skis in winter for food production later became the basis for their wide development.

In addition to domestic needs and hunting, skis began to be used as a means of communication and in military affairs.

In the Nikon chronicle for 1444. describes the successful campaign of the Moscow ski rati to defend Ryazan from the Tatar prince Mustafa from the Golden Horde.

Skis were used in the armies of Peter I and Catherine II. The roots of folk fun, fun, games, skiing entertainment, including those with elements of competitions, go back to the hoary antiquity of centuries.

For the first time, Norwegians showed interest in skiing as a sport.

In 1733 Hans Emahusen issued the first instruction on the ski training of troops with a clearly sporting bias. In 1767 the first competitions were held in all types of skiing (in modern terms): biathlon, slalom, downhill and racing.

The world's first exhibition of various types of skis and ski equipment was opened in Trondheim, in 1862-1863. In 1877 in Norway, the first ski sports society was organized, and soon a sports club was opened in Finland. Then ski clubs began to function in other countries of Europe, Asia and America.

The popularity of ski holidays grew in Norway - the Holmenkollen Games (since 1883), Finland - the Lakhta Games (since 1922), Sweden - the Vasaloppet Mass Ski Race (since 1922).

At the end of the XIX century. skiing competitions began to be held in all countries of the world. Ski specialization in different countries was different. In Norway, cross-country racing, jumping and biathlon have received great development. In Sweden - racing on rough terrain. In Finland and Russia - racing on flat terrain. In the United States, Scandinavian immigrants contributed to the development of skiing. In Japan, skiing, under the influence of Austrian coaches, received a ski direction.

In 1910, an international ski congress was held in Oslo with the participation of 10 countries. It created the International Ski Commission, reorganized in 1924 into the International Ski Federation.

In the second half of the 19th century, an organized sports movement began to develop in Russia. On December 29, 1895, in Moscow, on the territory of the current stadium of Young Pioneers, the grand opening of the country's first organization leading the development of skiing, the Moscow Ski Club, took place. This official date is considered to be the birthday of skiing in our country. In addition to the Moscow Ski Club, in 1901 the Society of Skiing Fans was established, and in 1910, the Sokolniki Ski Club. By analogy with Moscow in 1897. a ski club "Polar Star" is created in St. Petersburg. In those years, skiing in Moscow was cultivated in the winter in 11 more clubs, in St. Petersburg in 8 clubs in other sports. In 1910 the ski clubs of Moscow united into the Moscow League of Skiers. The League carried out public management of skiing not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia. During the ski season 1909-1910. in Moscow, a record number of competitions were held - eighteen, in which 100 participants performed.

On February 7, 1910, 12 skiers from Moscow and St. Petersburg competed for the first personal championship of the country in a 30 km cross-country ski race. The title of the first Russian skier was awarded to Pavel Bychkov. The first championship of the country among women was played in 1921, Natalya Kuznetsova won at a distance of 3 km.

The strongest Russian skiers, national champions Pavel Bychkov and Alexander Nemukhin first participated in international competitions in 1913. in Sweden at the Nordic Games. Skiers competed at three distances - 30, 60 and 90 km. They performed unsuccessfully, but learned many useful lessons in skiing technique, ski lubrication, and equipment design.

In 1918 skiing is included in the number of academic disciplines of the first curriculum of higher physical education.

By the number of victories in the national championships 1910-1954. Zoya Bolotova, an eighteen-time champion, occupies the highest rating. Among men, Dmitry Vasiliev was the strongest - 16 victories, he is the first holder of the title of "Honored Master of Sports".

In total for the period 1910-1995. 76 national championships were held at distances from 10 to 70 km for men, and from 3 to 50 km for women. Since 1963, the ultra-marathon distance for men - 70 km - has been included in the programs of the national championship. For women, since 1972, the longest distance has been 30 km, and since 1994 - 50 km.

The record-breaking 4-day men's race was held in 1938 - 232 km from Yaroslavl to Moscow. Dmitry Vasiliev won - 18 hours 41 minutes 02 seconds.

The record of the first skiing century in terms of the number of victories in the national championships was set by Galina Kulakova - 39 gold medals. Sports achievements of Galina Kulakova were awarded the Olympic Silver Order by the International Olympic Committee. On the recommendation of the Russian Olympic Committee, the first international Coubertin prize among our compatriots was awarded to Raisa Smetanina, the leader of the world elite of skiers. Raisa Smetanina, a participant of five Olympiads and eight world championships, set another unique record for sports longevity - at the 5th Olympiad she was crowned with a gold medal at 40 (!) years old.

Currently known types and disciplines of skiing are differentiated into Olympic, non-Olympic and demonstration.

Olympic skiing has been included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games, which have been held since 1924. These include: cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, alpine skiing, biathlon, freestyle, snowboarding.

Non-Olympic events include those exercises on skis that are approved by the relevant International Ski Federation and have the legal status of a type of skiing.

Non-Olympic sports: orienteering, windsurfing, team race of four biathletes, ski ballet or figure skiing, sprint skiing, ski jumping, speed skiing, parallel slalom. In these sports, official world championships, the World Cup, and other international competitions are held.

In skiing, new competitive exercises are constantly appearing, many of which, as they are introduced, can acquire the official status of a type of skiing, up to inclusion in the Olympic program - they are classified as demonstration: towing a skier, hang-gliding skiing, descent from mountain peaks, mini -skis; ski stunts: ski jump from a cliff with a parachute, ski jump from an airplane without a parachute, descent at the speed of a skier and race car driver

At the I Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix (France, 1924), skiing was represented by cross-country skiing at a distance of 18 and 50 km, ski jumping and Nordic combined (ski jumping and cross-country skiing).

The Norwegian skier Tarlif Haug became the Olympic champion in cross-country skiing and in Nordic combined. He took third place in ski jumping. Tarlif Haug was the first in the world to be awarded the title of "King of Skis". At 16 subsequent games, not a single Olympian could repeat and even surpass the record of the world's first "King of Skis". Haug was awarded 10 King's Cups for his victories on the track. As a token of extraordinary sporting merit, the harsh and laconic Norwegians for the first time in the world erected a lifetime monument to Tarlif in his homeland. History of the Olympic Movement 60-70s. knows only 2 cases when such an honor was awarded to athletes. Both of them were heroes of the 1924 Olympics. This is the hero of the White Olympics Haug and the hero of the Summer Olympics Finn Paavo Nurmi.

The birth of the Russian "King of Skis" took place at the XX World Championships in Falun (Sweden, 1954). It was 24-year-old Vladimir Kuzin, who won the 30 and 50 km distances and the ski marathon. The champion was awarded a large silver "King's Cup" and was awarded the title "King of Skis".

Soviet athletes first took part in the VII Winter Olympic Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, in 1956. The first participation was crowned with the victories of men in the 4x10 km relay and women in the 10 km distance. Vladimir Kuzin, Nikolai Anikin, Pavel Kolchin and Fedor Terentyev, and also Lyubov Kozyreva - the first Olympic champions among our skiers.

During the years of participation in the Olympic Games, ski racers of the USSR-CIS among the five leading national teams of the world (Finland, Norway, Sweden, Italy) demonstrate an enviable stability of the leader at the highest level.

The real discovery of the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano was Yulia Chepalova. At the first Olympics in her life, she won the 30 km race.

The first gold medal for the Russian team was won by Olga Danilova in the 15km distance.

"No victory has been harder for me than this one," said Norway's most decorated Olympian, Bjorn Daly, after winning his eighth Olympic gold medal in the 50K race in Nagano.

For a long 34 years, Finland, the great skiing power, has been waiting for this victory of Mika Myllulya in the 30 km race. Since the time of Eero Mäntyuranta, who made a victorious double at the 1964 Olympics in Innsbruck (then he won 15 and 30 km), not a single man has been able to rise to the highest step of the podium against the Finns. Finland gave the world outstanding skiers V. Hakulinen, Eero Mäntyurant, Juha Mieto, Marje Matikainen, Marje Lyukkarinen and others.

In 1998 in Central Finland, in Vuokatti, in a village with a population of two and a half thousand people, the world's first ski tunnel was built. Opening the glass door, right from the summer heat you find yourself in the realm of cold. Speed, music, incredibly loud sound of rustling snow. Feelings are indescribable. Five-time Olympic champion Larisa Lazutina has already held one of her summer camps in Vuokatti. I was satisfied with trainings on artificial "underground" snow.

Even more impressive are the ski stunts. An extremely risky ski jump from an airplane without a parachute was made from a height of 3000 m by the Austrian Eric Felbermeier. He landed on the slope of a steep mountain with an accurate calculation.

Over time, the tricks of single craftsmen begin to be mastered by several athletes who organize the first competitions, some of them, from the start of a trick, reach the Olympic rating. So it was with freestyle.

Modern skiing includes 39 ski disciplines at the Nagano Olympics, 26 competitive ski events awaiting Olympic registration, and more than 20 exercises that are approved in the status of a “sport”.

Athletics is rightly called the "queen of sports", and the rapidly developing skiing in the retinue of winter Olympic disciplines is the uncontested "king of sports".

Prepared by: Makarov A.S.

At the turn of the millennium, skiing was one of the most massive and expensive winter activities. Moreover, this sport, like mountain tourism, determines the level of the economy of a number of Central European countries.

How did skiing come about?

It was old Europe that became the cradle of skiing. It originated in the middle of the 18th century. in Scandinavia. If you set out to find the perfect place for such skiing, then you can’t think of a better one: the Scandinavian mountains are low, not steep, and there are no problems with snow here.

Trees growing on the slopes of the mountains, and those natural obstacles, bypassing which thrill-seekers mastered new maneuvers. Probably, at first they simply maneuvered between fir trees and rocks, then they adapted a spear as a balance. Moreover, the best skiers in Scandinavia then were hunters. Later, the spear was replaced by a pole, which became the prototype of ski poles. The technique of descent was very different from the modern one. The skier glided, putting forward one or the other leg, and slowed down with a pole and “taxied”, sticking it into the snow either to the right or to the left of him.

In the same place, in Norway, the word "slalom" was born, it means "a trace in the snow" left by a descending skier.

First skis

The oldest skis are in the Ski Museum in Oslo: they are 110 cm long and 20 cm wide. Hunters had skis of the same size for many centuries: hunters and trappers in Greenland, Alaska, residents of the North, Siberia, Far East still use such skis. East.

First starts

At the dawn of skiing, flat skiing differed little from mountain skiing, and competitions often, in addition to running along the plain, included descents from the slopes of the surrounding mountains and ski jumping. Historically, it is believed that the first ski competitions were held in the Norwegian city of Tromso in 1843.

Such ski triathlon has long retained its rights in different countries. In 1879, the inhabitants of the town of Telemarken staged the first "Clean" ski competitions near the Norwegian capital on Mount Gusby. Known for their skiing skills, they challenged the skiers of Christiania (that was the name of the present capital of Norway, Oslo).

Holmenkollen games

Competitions on the Holmenkollen mountains gathered a huge number of spectators. According to the description of eyewitnesses, the skiers raced along a very steep slope, from which "it was almost impossible to go down." The spectacle was so unusual and exciting that the rumor about it swept all over Europe. The best skiers of the capital were put to shame. They "descended hunched over", cautiously slowed down, throwing a stick from one side to the other, and did not jump from the springboards, but "fell down in bags." On the other hand, athletes from Telemarken "traveled proudly straightening up, defiantly holding a spruce branch in their right hand instead of a stick", flew 25 meters from the springboard, and below, "raising fountains of snow, made a spectacular turn without the help of a stick and stopped."

It was after this confrontation between the two Norwegian cities that the first imitators of cornering with a technique called “telemark” appeared. However, Christiania also left its mark on terminology: a turn performed on parallel skis in a deep squat was called “Christiania”.

So, skiing was born in Norway, but the word “Alpine” is present in the name of our sport for a reason.

The formation of skiing

And yet, the founders of modern skiing are considered not Norwegians, but Austrians. The Austrian alpinist and skier Matthias Zdarsky in 1896 applied a non-stop descent with turns; he invented the plow, there was a thrust technique. Turning in the plow required stiffer boots and stronger bindings. At the end of the nineteenth century, he published the first textbook on skiing technique, where he summarized all the achievements available at that time, proposed a more progressive form of skis and bindings (although Zdarsky's technique also relied on one stick), outlined the basics of group training.

Since 1905, skiers have been competing in the Alps for ... the number of turns. The maximum number of turns in a given segment was taken into account, as well as the number of turns per unit of time (these rules are somewhat reminiscent of the current water skiing competitions).

6 years later, in the winter of 1911, in the Swiss Alps near Montana, downhill competitions were held for the first time: 10 skiers simultaneously raced from the upper reaches of the glacier across virgin lands to a common finish.

Alpine skiing recognition

It took almost 20 years for fans of the new sport to convince the International Ski Federation (FIS) to "recognize" alpine skiing as an independent sport. Slalom and downhill for men and women were included in the program of the ski championship
ira only in 1931. The debut of alpine skiing at the Olympics will take place in 1936 in the German Garmisch-Parten-Kirchen, where 756 participants representing 28 countries competed for medals in slalom and downhill.

When creating the article, information was used from sites:

Norway is the birthplace of skiing. The inhabitants of this northern country have been skiing for more than four thousand years. It was here that the first modern skis were invented. And even the English word ski comes from the Old Norse skid, meaning "split tree."

It is not surprising that more than 200 ski resorts are located in Norway, and of a very high level. Most of them, in Scandinavian style, are aimed at relaxing with the whole family, hence the low prices compared to European resorts.

With friends in Hemsedal in search of extreme sports They like to call Hemsedal "northern Chamonix" and "Norwegian Alps". Perhaps because the landscape around the three local peaks - Totten, Tinden and Rogyin - really strongly resembles the Alpine one. Or perhaps because of the vibrant nightlife, not typical of the discreet Scandinavian character. One way or another, the "alpine" Hemsedal is very popular among skiers and snowboarders around the world. Hemsedal is divided into two centers located at a distance of several kilometers from each other. On the one hand - virgin snow, on the other - fun discos. It is in Hemsedal that there is the fastest descent in all of Scandinavia (elevation difference - 810 m) and four dozen tracks of different lengths and complexity, among which there are almost fantastic black and green ones, laid from the very top of the mountain. While climbing to the top on a four-seat chair, you have time to enjoy the fabulous, every minute changing rocky landscapes. Then you go down for a long time, sliding along the wide slopes. At the Hemsedal ski school you can learn how to ski in the telemark style. Telemarks are funny wide skis, the heel is not fixed on them, and you have to go down the mountain, crouching on one leg, as if in a dance. It turns out very elegant. In addition, in Hemsedal you can take part in a snowmobile safari, risk driving a dog sled or slide down a mountain in a sleigh. Those who do not have enough adrenaline climb frozen waterfalls or fly from the top of the mountain on a two-seat paraglider. And in the evening, everyone goes to have fun - to discos, to an entertainment center with a bowling alley, to a nightclub or to one of the restaurants serving both national Norwegian dishes and exotic delicacies. Children enjoy spending time in the Troll children's park.

With children in Geilo, where everything is at home Geilo is an old (more than 100 years old!) and cozy mountain town with a special atmosphere. It is located between the two main cities of Norway - Oslo and Bergen, from here it is within easy reach of the famous fjords of Western Norway, so Geilo is both mountains and fjords. The scenery here is mesmerizing: dense forests, open mountain plateaus, ice-covered fjords and bright winter sun. Snow lies here almost all year round. A bus runs around the resort, linking the lifts and the cottages. In general, living in cottages (or apartments) is very Norwegian. Usually there is a fireplace, a private sauna and several bedrooms. Every day, someone invisible carefully puts a whole bunch of firewood on the porch, and tea, coffee, sugar, a tablecloth and candles in the kitchen cabinets. At the same time, the Norwegian cottage is very different from the Alpine chalet. The chalet is an old farmhouse, and the Norwegian cottage is made in the style of IKEA - nice, but quite predictable. Geilo differs from other ski resorts in some unusually quiet, almost homely environment. The slopes here are wide and rolled, the chairs crawl up almost empty, and a dog named Balu lives at the rental point. In Geilo, there are slopes that are soft, as if licked, overgrown with northern low-growing birch trees, for beginners, and there are also steep slopes with extreme descents for experienced skiers. But all the tracks are equally safe and well-groomed. The Norwegians themselves buy houses here and come for the weekend - by car or train. That is why Geilo sometimes seems not to be a resort at all, but a cozy holiday village. But, despite this, there is everything you need to relax: shops, a cinema, restaurants and bars. And there are also many cute cafes where skiers like to relax after skiing. A Norwegian cafe is a wooden house somewhere at an altitude of 1078 meters. Outside, the house is open to all winds, but inside it is quiet and warm. There are long wooden tables, benches, a coffee machine, a kettle with boiling water. You can order potatoes, a giant hamburger, or thick pancakes with jam. Actually, this particular set is a typical Norwegian lunch. Regardless of the level of the resort and the size of the restaurant, they bring you a hamburger with fries. However, a salad as an appetizer and waffles as a dessert are also possible. While you're relaxing and enjoying lunch, the door of the cafe opens to let in first a gust of solar wind, and then flushed preschoolers led by an instructor. Children squeal and fall onto the benches, take off their bright helmets and drink the traditional berry juice ...

Hemsedal Season: mid-November - early May Where to stay: Skogstad hotel 4* Located in the center of Hemsedal. There is a swimming pool, jacuzzi, steam bath - for relaxation after skiing. Skarsnuten 4*+ A unique high-altitude hotel located on the top of a cliff (1,000 meters above sea level), offering a wonderful view of the surrounding mountains. Huge panoramic windows allow you to enjoy the surrounding landscapes while sitting at the restaurant table. Where to ride: The highest point of the resort is 1,500 m. There are 22 lifts in total, 48 slopes. Trails: green - 19, blue - 11, red - 10, black - 8. Maximum vertical drop: 810 m

Komi is a people of hunters. This means that the main occupation, one might say, the profession of Komi men, and often women, until relatively recently, was hunting. This kind of activity involved surveying vast territories, hunters often hunted at a distance of hundreds of kilometers from their home. And if in the summer a boat was a reliable vehicle, then in the winter off-road it was possible to move only on skis. It is no coincidence that the heroes of the Komi legends Pera and Yirkap are skiers, and Yirkap's skis, made of magic wood, obeyed his mental orders and had incredible speed - the furnace did not heat up, and the hero managed to fly to his fishing grounds 300 kilometers from the village and return back.
According to legend, it was Yirkap who discovered Sindor Lake and included it in his hunting grounds. Not far from Lake Sindor, on the 1st Vissky peat bog, archaeologists found a fragment of a ski with a respectable age of eight thousand years. This is the oldest ski found on the planet, so we can assume that Komi is the birthplace of skis! But here's what's interesting: the curved end of the ski is crowned with a skillfully carved elk head. It's hardly just decoration. The ancient hunter, who carved the head of an elk, probably believed that by doing so he would magically give his skis the incredible speed of an elk running through the taiga. Why not the magic ski of Yirkapa!
Komi used skis of two types: sheathed with kamus - skin from the legs of an elk or deer - lyz - and bare, lamps. Each hunter had both types of skis: skins for constant use, and lamps for wet weather and walking on crust. They made skis most often from spruce, they also used birch, although less often. Each hunter chose the length of skis according to his height - from one and a half to two meters with a width of fourteen to seventeen centimeters. To prevent the foot from slipping, they made a special platform for the foot, on which several layers of birch bark were nailed. The ends of the skis were steamed in hot water and bent on a special device in the form of a deck with a cutout along the desired bending arc. Often the ends of the skis were not bent, but a bend was cut from a wooden blank. Each hunter made lamps for himself, but covering with skins required special skill, so experienced specialists made the lyz. A pair of skis took sixteen to eighteen skins, that is, at least four animals were required, so such skis were very expensive, their price in the old days reached four to five rubles. They handled ski-skis with care, tried not to use them in wet weather, did not bring them into the room until they were dry. The lamps were covered with a layer of paint on top, and in wet weather they were smeared with lard so that snow would not stick. Skis served for about five years.
Ski poles in their modern form were not known, but when walking they used a special hunting staff koybed. It had a spatula from the upper end, and an iron spear-shaped tip from the lower end. When walking, the koybed replaced a ski stick, and when shooting, it was used as a bipod - a support for a gun. With a shovel they dug up snow for an overnight stay in the forest, dug up a squirrel that had fallen into the snow, punched a hole in the ice with a tip to get water, and on occasion they could use it as a spear.
Komi hunters still use lamps today, although they buy lyz in the store. In forest conditions, lamps are more practical and convenient. Recently, they even began to hold lamp skiing competitions, and the name came up with the appropriate one - Lyampiada. These competitions bring together skiers not only from the Komi Republic, but from all over Russia. Maybe the time is not far off when skiers from all over the world will come to Lyampiada.