Defense technique in handball. About some features of handball tactics. The ball can be sent directly into the goal along four trajectories: a) overhead, b) downward, c) horizontal, d) upward

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
BLAGOVESCHENSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Physical Culture and Sports

Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Culture

Control Job

for sports games
Topic: “Handball: playing technique, classification of playing technique. General sequence of teaching playing techniques"

Completed by a 4th year student

Ustinova Nadezhda Romanovna.

Checked:

Blagoveshchensk 2011

Introduction

2. Field player technique……………………………………………………..4

2.1. Attack technique………………………………………………………..4

2.2. Ball possession……………………………………………………………………………….6

3. Protection technique……………………………………………………………….8

4. Goalkeeper technique……………………………………………………………….8

5. General sequence of teaching playing techniques………………………..9

5.1. Structure of the learning process………………………………………………………9

6. Teaching playing techniques………………………………………………………11

6.1. Training in attacking techniques……………………………………..11

Conclusion

List of used literature……………………………………………………...16

Introduction

The emergence of the game of handball has a rich historical past. Even in ancient times, there were ball games that included elements of modern handball. In 1892, a ball game was invented in Czechoslovakia, which was called Česká hazena. In 1898, Holger Nielsen, a teacher at a girls' gymnasium in the Danish city of Ordrup, introduced a game called “Haandbold” in his lessons, in which teams of 7 people competed on a small field, passing the ball to each other and trying to throw it into the goal.

When Nielsen composed a new game for women from two games - football and basketball - no one imagined that this game would find such distribution in the world.

The creation of the game with a team of 11 people dates back to 1917 - 1919. Both types of the game existed together for a long time.

In 1926, at a conference in The Hague at the International Amateur Athletic Federation, a special commission was organized whose task was to promote the development of the game. Since then, handball has been recognized as equal among other sports.

Handball is a universal sports game that has common roots with football and basketball, and is not much inferior to rugby in terms of athleticism. The main technical techniques of handball players are running, acceleration, movement, breakaways, vaulting shots on goal, passing and catching the ball in a variety of ways, fighting for the ball and position, as well as playing a handball goalkeeper. All of them are closely related to sports such as athletics, gymnastics, wrestling and acrobatics.

Purpose of the game. Two teams, following the rules of the game, try to score the ball into the opponent's goal and at the same time protect their goal from attack. The winner is the team that has scored more goals at the end of playing time.

Physically, handball requires a lot of effort from players. Various forms of running develop reaction, starting speed, sprinting speed, special endurance, agility during stops, changes in running direction and rhythm changes. High and long jumps during throwing and blocking contribute to the development of jumping ability. Serves and shots on goal require agility and throwing power. Constant accounting and analysis of the situation changing at each next moment requires great attention from athletes, decisive and strong-willed actions in the interests of the team.

The technique of playing handball is a system of rational, purposeful movements, consisting of individual techniques necessary to play the game.

Depending on the nature of the game, technique is divided into two large sections: field player technique and goalkeeper technique. According to the focus of activity in each section, sections can be distinguished: “Attack Techniques” and “Defense Techniques”. In the attack technique, there are groups of movement and possession of the ball, and in the defense technique, there are groups of movement and counteracting the possession of the ball. Each group includes playing techniques, which, in turn, are performed in several ways. The characteristics of methods for performing a technique include the following features: 1) the player uses one or two limbs when performing the technique; 2) the position of the hand with the ball relative to the shoulder joint (top, side, bottom); 3) the method of accelerating the ball (push, whip, hit).

There are variations in the methods of performing the technique, that is, some features in the details of the movement system. The conditions for performing the technique make the technique even more diverse, the characteristics of which include distance, relation to the support, direction, and method of acceleration.

In each technique of the game, phases can be distinguished: preparatory, main and final. They differ in specific features of movement elements and private motor tasks.

In the preparatory phase of the movement of athletes, it provides an optimal starting position for the implementation of the main motor task.

In the main phase of reception, the main motor task is carried out. The final phase ensures that the player is ready for further participation in the game.

Each phase contains several elements - joint movements. All elements when performing a technique are interconnected, so to change the result, sometimes it is enough to change a certain element at the beginning of a motor action.

The relative position of the body parts at the moment of phase change is called the boundary pose. Boundary poses serve as a guide to control the technique of performing a technique.

2.1. Attack technique.

During the offensive game, the handball player uses certain techniques. Participation in the game obliges the athlete to be constantly ready to move and receive the ball. This readiness is reflected in the player’s posture, which is commonly called the stance. Basic handball stance- this is a position on slightly bent legs, arms bent at the elbow joints at right angles to catch the ball, back straight, shoulders relaxed. This stance is used by players when playing the ball. The player’s stance at the goalkeeper’s zone line is distinguished by the fact that the arms are extended towards the ball and the back is round. A player located at the line of the goalkeeper's zone, as a rule, having received the ball, rushes to attack the goal, making a throw. This forces you to take a stance with significantly bent legs to push off.

Movements. To move around the court, the player uses walking, running, stopping, and jumping. With the help of these techniques, the player frees himself from the guardianship of defenders and chooses a place to interact with partners.

Walking - regular and side steps are used by a handball player to change positions. Players move face, back and sideways forward.

Run - the main means of moving handball players. Running on toes and on full feet is used. Running on your toes allows you to make a quick jerk and achieve maximum movement speed. Running on your full foot allows you to create a stable position. To perform techniques with the ball, it is necessary to master such a run when the arms make movements regardless of the tempo and rhythm of the legs.

When studying a player’s run, it is necessary to pay attention to the peculiarities that the foot is placed on the court by rolling from heel to toe or by softly placing the foot on the full foot. Sample exercises for teaching running technique:

Alternating slow running with fast running;

Running face forward and backward in a straight line, in a circle;

– running with side steps in different directions;

– running with acceleration in a straight line from unusual starting positions (crouching position, lying position and others);

- the same, but with a sound signal;

– running around various objects arranged in straight and broken lines.

Stop- Due to the constantly changing playing situation on the court, the handball player has to suddenly stop. Stopping is accomplished by braking with one or two feet. The ability to quickly reduce speed gives the player advantages for further actions. Stopping is done with one or two feet. To brake with one leg, the handball player sharply tilts his torso back, the stopper puts his leg forward with his foot turned inward, and, turning sideways to the direction of movement, strongly bends the other leg. Braking with both feet precedes the jump. It is needed in order to sharply bring both legs forward and, having thus encountered a support, extinguish the forward movement. When landing, you need to bend your legs strongly to ensure that you can continue running in any direction.

Sample exercises for teaching stopping techniques:

– stopping after running anywhere on the site, also in a predetermined place;

– run in a circle, stop at a walk on command;

– stand in a line one at a time, on command, they take turns running out of the line and stopping at a walk;

– stand in opposing columns at a distance of 8–10 m. from each other. A player runs out of one column, dribbles the ball to the middle of the gap between the columns, stops with a step, passes the ball to the player in front of the opposing column and runs to the tail of his column, and so on;

– stopping after catching the ball.
Jumping are used by handball players when catching high and far flying balls, when passing the ball, or throwing into the goal. You can make a jump by pushing off with one or two legs. Taking off with two legs is done from a place, and with one – from a run. Landing with all methods should be soft, without loss of balance, which is achieved by the shock-absorbing movement of the legs apart.

Turns are studied in the following sequence: turns on the spot forward and backward, turns forward and backward after running and stopping, a combination of turns with simultaneous passing of the ball. When teaching turns, you need to pay attention to the fact that they are performed without straightening the legs at the knee joint, without vertical oscillation of the body, freely, without tension.

2.2. Ball possession.

Catching- this is a technique that provides the opportunity to take possession of the ball and carry out further actions with it. Catching is done with one or two hands. The choice of catching method is dictated by the particular trajectory of the ball and the position of the player in relation to the ball.

Catching with two hands. In order to master the ball flying at the middle level (on the chest), the handball player must extend his arms towards the ball, do not strain his hands and slightly turn his palms down, fingers spread freely. The outstretched thumbs should almost touch, and when they approach the required distance, the palms come together and the fingers cover the ball. The arms must be bent to absorb the speed of the ball. When catching high-flying balls from a rebound, the thumbs of the hands need to be closer together than when catching straight balls. And when catching low-flying and rolling balls, the palms should be turned towards the ball so that the little fingers almost touch.

The ball can be caught from the front and from the side. In order to catch the ball from the front, you need to turn your chest towards it. In this case, both arms should be extended.

For all fishing methods it is necessary:

1. 
   Look at the ball while you grab it with your hands;
2. 
   If possible, make a counter movement towards the ball;
3. 
   Extend your arms towards the ball;
4. 
   Keep your hands and fingers relaxed until they touch the ball;
5. 
   Grab the ball with your fingers;
6. 
   After grabbing the ball, bend your elbows (to absorb the shock);
7. 
   Having caught the ball, be ready to cover it from a nearby opponent.

Swing - this is the abduction of the hand with the ball for subsequent acceleration of the ball. The swing can be up - back and to the side - back. The swing is a carrier of information for the enemy. Therefore, the shorter it is, the less information it will provide about the player’s actions. The run-up and swing constitute the preparatory phase of the transfer. In the main phase, the handball player communicates the speed and direction of the ball’s flight (accelerates the ball) in three ways: with a whip, a push and a brush.

Dribbling - this is a technique that allows a player to move with the ball around the court in any direction and at any distance, control the ball as long as necessary, and beat the defender.

Driving can be single-strike or multi-strike. Single-impact dribble is performed as follows. Having caught the ball, the player takes three steps with it, then hits it into the court. Having caught the ball, the player takes three steps with it, then hits it into the court. Having caught the rebounded ball, the handball player can again perform three steps with the ball in his hands before passing it to a partner or throwing it into the goal.

When performing multi-impact maneuvers, the following rules must be observed:

1. 
   Walk on full feet with slightly bent legs;
2. 
   Push the ball with your fingers;
3. 
   Do not brush in contact with the ball;
4. 
   Push the ball forward in accordance with the speed of movement;
5. 
   Push in such a way that the ball bounces no higher than the waist;
6. 
   Control the ball with your peripheral vision.

The trajectory of the ball when thrown into the goal can be horizontal, downward, upward, or overhead. You can achieve a horizontal trajectory using any throwing method. The incoming trajectory can be obtained by using a side throw, and the outward trajectory by using a push.

The throw can be performed in a supporting position, in a jump, in a fall, from a place and from a run. Depending on the conditions under which the throw is performed, its preparatory phase, including the run-up, jump and swing, is different.

The rebound of the ball can be reflected, sliding and with rotation of the ball. With a reflected rebound, the angle of impact of the ball is equal to the angle of reflection. The easiest way to achieve this flight path is to use the overhead throw method. A sliding bounce, where the ball makes contact with the surface of the court part of the way, can be achieved by using a throw from the side.

The main objectives of the game in defense are: defending one’s goal using permitted means, disrupting the opponent’s organized attack and gaining possession of the ball.

The main stance of the defender is with legs bent at an angle of 160 - 170 degrees and legs spaced 20 - 40 cm apart. The back is not tense, the arms, bent at the elbow joints at right angles, are in a comfortable position for quickly moving them in any direction. The weight of the body is distributed on both legs, the gaze is fixed on the opponent, and peripheral vision controls the position of other players and the movement of the ball on the court.
Movements

Walking - needed by the defender to choose a position when guarding the attacker. The defender uses regular walking and side step. Walking with an extended step is performed in a standing position with bent legs, feet turned outward.

Jumping - used when blocking, tackling, intercepting the ball. Reacting to the actions of the attacker, the defender must be able to make a jump from any starting position. The defender jumps, pushing with one and two legs.
Ball Possession Opposition
Blocking - This is an obstruction to the path of the ball or attacking player. Blocking the ball is done with one or two hands from above, from the side, from below. Having determined the direction of the throw, the defender quickly straightens his arm, blocking the path of the ball.

Knockout - this is a technique that allows you to interrupt the dribbling of the ball; it is performed by hitting the ball with one hand. The defender uses a kick-out at the moment when the ball is between the attacker’s hand and the surface of the court. Having approached to a distance that allows him to reach the ball, the handball player quickly extends his hand and hits the ball with his fingers.

Tackling the ball when throwing is interrupting the throw at the end of the ball's acceleration. The defender moves his hand towards the ball from the direction of the intended throw and, as it were, removes the ball from the attacker’s hand.

Not allowing the ball into the goal and organizing a counterattack are the main tasks of the goalkeeper’s game activity. All playing techniques are divided into defensive and offensive techniques.

Defense technique

The goalkeeper's stance becomes especially important because it ensures that the goalkeeper is ready to save the ball. The main goalkeeper stance is a position with legs bent at an angle of 160-170 degrees, spaced 20-30 cm apart.

Movements

Walking - the goalkeeper will use regular and step-up walking to select a position. Side step walking is performed in a standing position with bent legs. At the same time, a constant state of readiness obliges him not to lose contact with the support.

Jumping - the goalkeeper makes a push with one or two feet. Most often, these are jumps to the sides without preparatory movements from a stance, with a push of the same or opposite direction of movement with the foot, more often before the jump, if the situation allows, he takes only one step.

Falls - not the goalkeeper’s main way of moving, but in difficult game situations he uses this means to quickly move to the ball.

Counteraction and possession of the ball

Holding the ball is a technique that allows you to change the direction of the ball flying into the goal after the attacker’s throw. This technique, depending on the flight of the ball, can be performed with one or two hands, one or two legs, or the torso.

Catching - this is a technique that allows you to block the ball from entering the goal with the obligatory mastery of it. Catching is done with only two hands. It is better to catch a ball flying along a lobbed path close to the goalkeeper. But if the speed of the ball is high, then the goalkeeper must use any other method of protecting the goal.
Goalkeeper attack technique

The goalkeeper must be able to pass with one and two hands from above and from the side in a supporting position. Passes over medium and long distances are especially important for him. Outside his zone, the goalkeeper's playing techniques are the same as those of the field player.

Learning playing techniques and technical actions is a labor-intensive and lengthy process. The playing technique has a wide variety of ways to perform techniques, and it takes several years to master them at least to the level of skill.

In the process of learning techniques, it is important not only to organize rational movements from a biomechanical point of view, but also to apply these movements in the game. Therefore, training in technical techniques and individual tactical actions should go in parallel.

In addition, learning to play is carried out in close connection with the development of physical qualities. Learning movements and the perception of physical qualities have common origins, since the underlying patterns of the formation of motor skills and the development of motor abilities are the same. Physical abilities accelerate the process of mastering motor skills. By performing techniques, they demonstrate physical qualities and accelerate their development. However, to learn movements, as a rule, conditions are made easier, and to develop physical qualities, a constant increase in loads is necessary.

When learning each technique, it is important to consider it in phases. Moreover, the main attention must be concentrated first on the main phase of the movement, and only then on the details and variety of the preparatory phase. When studying any technique, the logical sequence of formation of a technical and tactical action must be observed: 1) familiarization with the technique; 2) study of reception in simplified conditions; 3) improving reception in a complicated environment close to the game conditions; 4) application of the technique in the game.

When familiarizing yourself, it is necessary to provide information about the technique or action being studied using visual methods and create a general visual and motor idea of ​​them. During repeated screenings, additional demonstrations of visual aids (films, photographs, diagrams, film clips, etc.), focusing on the most important details. The demonstration is accompanied by a story about the place and meaning of a technique or action in the game, about their most rational use in certain game situations. To obtain an elementary motor representation, a trial attempt is given.

Learning under simplified conditions presupposes the absence of interference in mastering the structure of the movement. Success in the bottom case largely depends on the correct selection of preparatory and especially leading exercises. To feel the elements of movement, various techniques of forced limitation of movements and fixation of positions are used.

During initial learning, two methods are used: holistic and dismembered-constructive exercises. A holistic learning method creates a more complete understanding and a solid logical basis for skill formation. The method of dissected-constructive exercise (dissected method) is used to study techniques and actions that are complex in structure. After learning the individual components of a movement or interaction, the main task becomes mastering the necessary rhythm when combining the parts into a whole motor action.

To simplify or complicate the performance conditions when learning game techniques, change the starting position, distance, direction, speed of movement, and introduce interference. When learning tactics, the number of partners, the goal and methods of achieving it, the arrangement of handball players are changed, and confrontations are introduced.

The main thing in handball classes is the game. If all techniques are brought to perfection at each stage of learning outside the game, then it will take a lot of time. Therefore, handball players use techniques in the game when they are still poorly understood, and then again continue to improve them in simplified and complicated conditions. The sequence of learning techniques should be such that their gradual introduction into the game would complicate the martial arts. Moreover, when studying an attack technique, it is rational to begin studying a defensive technique. Playing techniques are studied in parallel, but no more than two or three per lesson.

Training in moving techniques. When learning to move, it is necessary to study each technique separately (running, jumping, stopping) and learn to combine them. You shouldn’t study one technique for a long time. Once the structure is mastered, you can move on to a new one and study its combination with others in various combinations.

Running is studied in the following sequence: normal, with a change in speed, with a change in direction, a cross step, with various kinds of jumps, rhythmic and arrhythmic running.

Stopping is studied first by braking with one and then with both legs. First, they stop at a signal when walking quickly, then when running slowly, and finally when performing accelerations and jerks. The teacher must ensure the correct distribution of body weight after stopping on both legs to maintain balance. Then, after stopping, you can enable movements in different directions

The jump is studied by first pushing off with two legs, and then with one from a place and from a run. In this case, it is necessary to pay attention to the correct placement of the leg, the degree of its bending in connection with performing an upward or long jump, and a soft, stable landing.

A handball player uses all movement techniques in the game. It is best to improve your movement technique with the help of the following exercises:

1. 
   Acceleration to a certain landmark and return to the starting position.
2. 
   Acceleration from the starting position lying down, sitting, taking any position.
3. 
   Running while jumping over obstacles, pushing off with one or two legs.
4. 
   Jumping alternating with running.
5. 
   Run from one landmark to another, stopping at each landmark.
6. 
   Running around obstacles.
7. 
   Running while shifting various objects.

Teaching ball handling techniques.

Learning to catch a ball .

Before you start learning to catch from a partner, you need to do a number of training exercises to “get used” to the mass, shape and elastic qualities of the ball.

1. 
   Throw the ball in front of you and catch it.
2. 
   Toss and catch the ball after it bounces off the floor.
3. 
   Toss the ball with your left hand and catch it with your right.
4. 
   Throw the ball over your head, behind your back, under your foot, between your legs and catch it.
5. 
   Throw two balls one at a time and catch them.

Passing the ball training.

Before learning to pass, the student must be taught how to hold the ball correctly. To do this, you need to select a ball of a certain size and weight in accordance with the age and gender of those involved.

When holding the ball, the hand should not be tense. The fingers hold the ball, and optimal mobility is needed in the wrist joint. Such mobility is achieved by the following leading exercises:

1. 
   Holding your hands in front of you, toss the ball from one hand to the other with your fingers.
2. 
   Transfer the ball from hand to hand, moving it around the body, first while standing still, and then while walking and running.
3. 
   From the starting position, the ball in two hands in front of you, alternately swing up, down, to the side with a wide amplitude, holding the ball with a grip or freely in the palm of your hand.
4. 
   Simulate a pass, a throw in different directions, holding the ball with a grip, first while standing still, and then while walking and running.

ball: from the stance, opposite leg in front, hand with the ball at the top; the same with an opposite step forward; the same with a run in 3 steps.

When studying one or another method of transmission, after explaining the movements, students practice on their own. The teacher sequentially turns their attention first to the correct starting position, then to the coordination of movements of the arms and legs, to the position of the torso, to the correct movement of the arm.

Learning single-strike dribbling is not difficult. An explanation and a good demonstration is enough. First, dribbling is performed on the spot, then while moving by walking, and finally by running.

Learning multi-hit dribbling begins with exercises on the spot. In this exercise, the correct position of the hand is mastered, the skill of soft successive pushes of the ball is developed, and a comfortable stance is acquired. Next, dribbling with various movements around the court is studied.

Throwing training.

Mastering the throw is impossible without preliminary preparation of the musculoskeletal system of the student.

To this end, beginning handball players should perform preparatory exercises with various objects. This is, first of all, throwing tennis balls, children's rubber and hockey balls, sticks of various lengths, as well as imitation of a throwing movement with dumbbells and a shock absorber in the hand. To develop mobility of the hand, exercises with gymnastic clubs are used, and for mobility in the shoulder joint - with a gymnastic stick. Throwing medicine balls of various weights with one and mainly two hands helps strengthen the muscles of the arms, legs and torso and develop coordination of movements.
Learning how to play defensively.
Training in the technique of moving in defense begins with mastering the stance on bent legs. The degree of bending of the defender's legs depends on the speed of his movement. To master the defender's stance, students need to select feasible exercises that would force them to move in a rational position. The ultimate goal of these exercises should be the handball player’s ability to move at any speed on bent legs, changing direction without unnecessary body movements.

To study movement in a standing position on slightly bent legs, exercises are performed at a low pace, changing direction occurs at a signal from the teacher or at a predetermined place. Mastering movement on significantly bent legs requires the need to move at a high pace and have direct contact with the enemy.

Mastering the technique of goalkeeper playing techniques requires preliminary preparedness of the musculoskeletal system of the student. First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to strengthening the muscles and ligaments of the arms and legs, since sudden movements with a wide amplitude and strong hits with the ball require a certain elasticity of the muscles and mobility in the joints.

When training a goalkeeper, it is necessary to use protective equipment: a thick suit, gloves, shin guards, knee pads, and for men - a protective “shell”. When learning the technique of hitting the ball in the “splits”, as well as when performing exercises with a fall, it is necessary to use gymnastic mats.

Movement training begins outside the gate. At the teacher’s command, students move, changing direction and maintaining a stance on bent legs. Teaching a goalkeeper the technique of moving in the goal and in his own zone must be combined with training in position selection. To do this, any landmarks are placed on the 6-meter marking arc. The goalkeeper moves along the goal with side steps. Finding himself in front of the next landmark, he takes a step forward, fixes a ready stance, steps back and continues to move with side steps to the next landmark. At first, the side steps should be small, but gradually the goalkeeper must be taught to take as few steps as possible by lengthening the step. The fewer steps he has to take during an enemy attack, the more reliable his readiness to repel the ball.

The goalkeeper's jumping technique is mastered in simulated exercises of hitting a ball flying into the upper corners of the goal, and in exercises with catching the ball.

Catching is not the main goalkeeper's technique when defending the goal. But a goalkeeper needs to master it perfectly. Therefore, the goalkeeper must perform all exercises that promote catching from the first lessons. These are exercises in catching the ball in various positions: standing, sitting, lying down, jumping, after somersaulting, jumping over, stepping over, climbing under objects.

When deflecting the ball with your hand, it is very important to tense your muscles when making contact with the ball; There should be counter extension of the arm at the elbow joint. This needs to be paid attention to when training. The coach throws the ball lightly, and the goalkeeper returns it.

Conclusion. One of the most important tasks of a teacher at all stages of handball training is to develop the personality of students. At the same time, it is necessary to remember that painstaking and everyday educational work must be supported by deep knowledge of the characteristics of age development, character, inclinations, and potential capabilities of each student.

The school physical education program provides for introducing students to sports games such as basketball, volleyball, mini-football, and handball. But if the first of the three named games are cultivated to one degree or another in school gyms, then handball or, as it is also called, “hand ball”, in my opinion, is undeservedly deprived of both attention and time. By teaching students practical mastery of handball techniques and tactics, as well as studying the rules of the game, they can not only achieve high sports performance, but also acquire the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities used in many other sports disciplines.

List of used literature:
1. C.L. Garbaliauskas. Playing handball: Book. for middle school students and art. classes. – M.: Education, 1988. – 76 p.

2. L.D. Glazyrina., T.A. Methods of teaching physical education: Method. benefit and program. – M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS Center, 2004. – 208 p.

3. Yu.D. Zheleznyak and others. Sports games: Technique, tactics, teaching methods: Textbook. for students higher ped. textbook establishments – 2nd ed., stereotype. – M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2004. – 520 p.

4. N.P. Klusov. Hand ball at school. Manual for teachers. M.: “Enlightenment”, 1978. 175 p.

ESSENCE OF THE GAME. BRIEF INFORMATION ABOUT ITS DEVELOPMENT

At the turn of the 20th century, various games involving running and throwing a ball began to be cultivated in a number of countries. One of these games - “hand-bowl” - appeared in Denmark. Its rules were compiled by H. Nielsen.

The first official competitions were held in 1898. This year is considered the year of the birth of handball.

The new game began to spread quickly. Soon she had “relatives” - the Czech “Gazena” and the German “handball”. In 1926, the International Amateur Sports Federation was forced to organize a special commission, which began to be in charge of the development of handball. This commission transformed into the International Federation.

In 1936, handball was included in the program of the Olympic Games, and two years later the first World Championship was organized, which marked the beginning of the regular holding of these competitions for men's and women's teams.

Initially, the game developed in two versions: handball 11X11 and 7x7. In the summer, “big” handball competitions were held on football fields, and in the winter, “small” handball competitions were held in the halls. But gradually 7X7 handball, as more universal and entertaining, replaced its older brother and practically became the only variety of this game. In 1946, eight countries decided to create a separate 7x7 handball federation. Currently, about 60 countries are members of the International Handball Federation (IHF).

In our country, the first handball competitions were organized in 1913. However, the game began to develop only during the years of Soviet power. In 1928, handball was included in the program of the First All-Russian Spartakiad. Handball began to develop especially rapidly in the 50s. In 1955, the All-Union Handball Section was created, which was later transformed into a federation, which in 1958 became part of the IHF.

Since 1962, USSR championships have been regularly held, and championships have been organized among school, student, and army teams. Our strongest teams enter the international arena and become winners of major competitions. They repeatedly win the European Cup and win various international tournaments. In 1972, the men's team, participating in the Olympic Games for the first time, entered the top five in the world. In 1975, the USSR women's team became the silver medalist of the world championship. In 1976, Soviet handball players won the title of Olympic champions.

Handball rules provide for the possibility of holding competitions in halls and outdoor areas. Field dimensions - 20x40. The game involves two teams consisting of six field players and a goalkeeper. The game is played with a small ball, the weight and circumference of which are different for men's and women's teams. Men's game ball

teams and junior teams must have a circumference of 58-60 cm and a weight of 425-475 g before the start of the game, for the game of women's teams - a circumference of 54-56 cm and a weight of 325-400 g. The players try to throw the ball into the goal (2x3). The game of men's teams lasts 60 minutes, women's - 50 minutes.

All actions with the ball are performed only with your hands. When fighting for the ball, the use of brute force against the opponent is not allowed.

Nowadays, handball has taken one of the main places among the sports games included in the physical education program at school. From 4th to 10th grade, students can practice handball directly in physical education lessons. A simplified version of the game - mini-handball - is available to children aged 9-10 years.

PLAYING TECHNIQUE

The technique of playing handball is usually divided into the technique of playing in attack and the technique of playing in defense. The classification of technical techniques of the game is given in Fig. 113.

All team players participate in attack and defense, so each of them needs to be fluent in the entire arsenal of game techniques.

Attack technique

In attack, a handball player acts with and without the ball. Actions without the ball include movements on the court, jumping, turning, feints, screens. Actions with the ball consist of catching, passing, dribbling, throwing, feints and screens.

Techniques for playing without the ball

A high level of proficiency in playing techniques without the ball significantly increases the effectiveness of handball players in attack.

The first requirement for the player is speed and suddenness of action. But this can only be done if he is constantly in the starting position, called the main stance. To create the best conditions for a quick start and control of the ball, the player bends his legs and transfers his body weight to the forefoot; the head is raised, the arms are bent and ready to catch the ball.

Movement around the court is the main technique of the game. Running should be fast and at the same time economical. It must be taken into account that during a game a handball player runs more than 4-5 km, and very often he makes jerks. All accelerations are performed with short, sharp steps and are accompanied by a tilt of the body and active movements of the arms. Stopping while running is done with jumps or double steps. In this case, the legs are strongly bent, and the upper body is tilted back.

Turns are a special technique that helps a handball player successfully operate on the court both with and without the ball. Perform it on one or both legs. Most often, the game uses a 180° turn, but there are also turns of 360 degrees or more.

Jumping is an integral part of most offensive actions. A handball player must be fluent in all types of jumps (long, high, forward, sideways, backwards), performed from a standstill, a run-up, or a push with one or two legs. Each jump consists of a run-up, flight and landing. For a handball player, flight is of utmost importance, during which he performs all kinds of technical techniques. Mastering the landing technique for jump throws reduces the risk of injury.

Feints (false movements) performed without the ball help the player get away from the defender. Bends, lunges, turns, changes in speed and direction of movement, etc. are used as false movements.

Screens are an important offensive technique. This is a special type of movement aimed at freeing attackers from the guardianship of defenders. Screens are performed without the ball and with the ball. Therefore, their technique is described in the next section of the chapter.

Ball playing techniques

With their help, they attack the opponent's goal and ensure interaction between the players.

Catching the ball is the main technique of ball possession. Catching methods vary depending on the height of the ball and the position of the attacker. Catch the ball with one hand or two.

Catching the ball with both hands is the most reliable way. You can catch the ball while standing still, running, or jumping. The ball flying towards the chest

caught as follows. While watching the ball, the player puts both hands forward. In this case, the palms are open to the ball, the fingers are freely spaced and not tense, the thumbs are facing each other and almost touching (together with the index fingers they seem to form a triangle). As soon as the ball touches your fingers, bend your arms and pull it to your chest (Fig. 114).

A high flying ball is often caught while jumping. Hands are brought forward and upward so as to meet him as early as possible. At the moment of contact

When using the fingers, the speed of the ball's flight is dampened by bending the arms, after which it is lowered down.

When catching low-flying balls, the arms are lowered down, the palms are brought together, the fingers are spread wide and point down. Sometimes they simultaneously take a step forward or to the side. As soon as the ball touches the palms, it is clasped with the fingers. The arms are first pulled back, then bent and pulled the ball towards the chest.

To catch a rolling ball, lunge wide forward, bend down and catch it from below with one hand. Almost simultaneously you need to cover the ball from above and with your other hand.

Catching a ball with one hand is much less common when it cannot be caught with both hands. To do this, the closest hand is brought forward with the palm facing the ball, fingers spread and not tense. The speed of its flight is dampened by a yielding movement of the hand and bending of the arm at the elbow joint. The ball is then pressed against the forearm or picked up with the other hand.

Hold the ball after catching it with two or one hand. But more often it is held with one hand, since this allows the handball player to perform all subsequent actions faster and more varied. It is especially important to be able to hold the ball while placing your wrist on top.

Passing the ball. The ability to timely, quickly and accurately pass the ball to a partner who is in a more advantageous position is the main condition for the success of collective actions in attack. You can pass the ball with two hands or one. One-handed passes are much more common: with this method you can quickly and accurately pass the ball to any distance and in any direction. Two-handed passes are used in difficult combat conditions, when there is not enough time or space to pass the ball with one hand.

The bent arm overhand pass is the most common passing method. In this way, the ball can be passed to various distances and from a variety of starting positions.

When passing from a place with one hand, the opposite leg is put forward. The ball, held over the shoulder on an open palm with relaxed fingers, is brought back. At the same time, the arm is bent, the elbow is in front of the ball; the shoulders are turned in the direction of the swing, the bent free arm is brought forward. From this position, the body weight is transferred with a push to the leg in front, and the chest begins to turn in the direction of the transfer. The bent hand with the ball is sent forward with an accelerating movement. Having passed the vertical, the forearm overtakes the elbow, and with an overflowing movement of the hand the ball is directed to the target (Fig. 115).

The same transfer can be performed while moving. Then the swing is carried out over one or two steps, and the throw is carried out along with the last step.

You can pass the ball with a bent arm from above and slightly lower, to the side of the body. In this case, the swing is performed as usual, and the throw is in the horizontal plane (Fig. 116).

Sometimes this pass is combined with a tilt towards the passing hand.

The straight hand pass from below is used in cases where it is necessary to send the ball close distance with active opposition from the opponent.

In preparation for the pass, the player takes a lower stance and securely covers the ball with his outstretched foot. When swinging, the hand with the ball at the hip is pulled back. The throw begins by shifting the body weight forward; the body is turned around, the hand with the ball is sent forward with a sharp movement. The ball is directed with the hand to a partner.

This pass can also be performed with a swing in the opposite direction, i.e. forward: the hand with the ball pressed to the forearm is brought forward and then sharply sent back.

Pass behind the back. It is performed after a swing to pass with a bent arm from above or from the side. The movement begins after the hand with the ball is in the final position of the swing. By turning the hand and a sharp movement of the forearm, the ball is sent behind the back to the partner (Fig. 117).

The pass over the shoulder behind the head is very similar to this technique. It begins with the usual swing for a pass with a bent arm from above, but then the player quickly bends his arm at the elbow and, with his hand behind his head, directs the ball to the attacker located on the side (Fig. 118).

Carpal transmission has recently become widespread. Like the previous two, it belongs to the section of hidden transmissions. When preparing to pass, the player holds the ball in front of him with one hand on top. Then, with a sharp movement of the forearm and especially the hand, he sends the ball to his partner (Fig. 119).

With two hands, the ball is passed from the chest above and below. The technique for performing these passes is no different from that used in basketball.

Dribbling. With the ball in his hands, the attacker can take no more than three steps. Movement over a greater distance is carried out using dribbling, this is the name of the method of movement in which the attacker, having released the ball from his hands, touches it again with one hand

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This method of movement allows you to maneuver the ball on the court. Even after a one-hit dribble, the hitter can maintain control of the ball for four to seven steps (three steps before the shot, one at the moment of impact, and three again after catching the ball).

Before dribbling, the ball, held with one or two hands, is carried to the side and forward. Starting the movement, the player directs the ball downwards with his wrist. The point of impact of the ball is chosen to the side of the direction of movement of the attacker. Having released the ball, the player continues to move and meets the bouncing ball with widely spaced fingers.

tsami. With a slight push he is sent down again. Then the whole movement is repeated. During dribbling, it is important to observe the changing situation on the site.

If dribbling is used to dribble the opponent, then the ball is transferred to the far hand and must be protected with the body and legs. Reducing the height of the ball's bounce makes it easier to control.

Shots into the goal. They are carried out mainly in the same ways as passing the ball. However, this technique also has its own differences, determined by the need to throw the ball with maximum force and accuracy.

Throws into the goal are almost always performed with one hand. They are carried out from various starting positions: standing with your face and back to the goal, standing, running, jumping and falling.

The accuracy of the throw is determined by the moment the ball is released and the direction of the force applied to it. The stronger the throw, the greater the force and the longer the path along which it acts on the ball. However, the effectiveness of a throw does not always depend on its strength. Speed ​​of execution is often decisive. Therefore, fast throws with small amplitude (wrist) are no less important.

Throwing with a bent arm from above is the main way to throw the ball into the goal. Most often they use it while on the move.

or jump. A standing throw is performed less frequently, and it is almost no different from the well-known method of passing the ball.

A throw in motion is carried out after a jump, two or three steps, during which a swing is made. Running steps are performed differently, depending on which leg will be the supporting leg at the moment of the throw. The supporting leg, as a rule, is the opposite leg of the throwing arm. By placing it forward, the player makes it easier to apply maximum force. A throw relying on the same leg is more difficult in coordination and weaker in strength, but faster in execution.

The jump throw is the fastest of all throws from a supporting position. Preparing to receive the ball, the player makes a small leap forward and catches the ball in flight. He lands first on the right and then on the left leg, placing it on the heel for greater emphasis (Fig. 120). At the same time, he makes a swing, and then, turning his chest towards the goal and transferring his body weight to the leg in front, performs a throw. The hand with the ball is bent and carried over the shoulder, and then straightened and with a sweeping movement of the forearm and hand, the ball is directed into the goal. The throw ends with an energetic bend of the torso and a step forward with the right foot.

Throwing with a bent arm from above in motion after crossing steps takes more time, so it is used less often. The swing is performed over three steps. Moreover, the second and third steps are crossed (foot

turn at an angle to the takeoff line). With the last step, the player ends up sideways towards the goal. The bent arm with the ball is retracted to the final position of the swing.

The throw begins by turning the body with the chest towards the goal and transferring the body weight forward. The hand with the ball is sent forward; as soon as it passes the vertical, it is unbent with a whipping movement of the forearm and hand, directing the ball into the goal. Further progress of the player is delayed by a step with the right foot (Fig. 122).

A jumping throw with a bent arm is often used when attacking in difficult combat conditions. It is used especially successfully by tall players, for whom the jump allows them to direct the ball into the goal, bypassing the block of defenders. When completing an attack from an area adjacent to the goalkeeper's area, the player may resort to a long jump. This will allow him to get away from the defenders and get closer to the goal.

A jump throw consists of a run-up, a push, a flight and a landing; repulsion is most often performed with the opposite leg. The swing and throw are performed in an unsupported position. Landing usually occurs on the pushing leg, and in necessary cases, on the hand.

The upward jump throw is performed after a run of two or three steps. When throwing with the right hand, the player pushes off with the left foot. In flight, the fly leg is bent and carried up and to the side; raises the hand with the ball behind the head; the torso and shoulders turn towards the swing. The throw is performed as soon as it reaches the highest take-off point. The player turns his chest towards the goal and, simultaneously with an active movement of the swing leg back, sends the ball to the goal (Fig. 123). If the defender

interferes with him, then the thrower can throw by straightening his arm up, over the block, or throw the ball, leaning to the side.

The jump throw can also be performed with a twist. It is used when moving along the goalkeeper's area. The turn towards the goal occurs after the take-off. The most difficult jump shot is after catching the ball in mid-flight.

The long jump throw with a bent arm is often used by players operating near the goalkeeper's area. Variety of conditions

arm and swing leg, and then, after turning over, stands up (Fig. 125).

Throws with a bent arm from above while falling allow you to attack from so-called closed positions. There are throws falling forward, sideways and backwards.

Throw bent

the hand from above falling forward is often used for a seven-meter free throw. In the starting position, the player stands sideways to the goal, holding the ball in front of him with both hands. Starting the swing, he transfers his body weight to the leg behind him. Then, with a push, he completely transfers it to the leg in front. The fly leg is bent and moved to the side. Starting the fall, the player turns his chest towards the goal, bends at the waist and quickly sends his hand forward. The ball is released just before touching the floor with your free hand. Land first on your hands and then on your chest (Fig. 126).

A throw with a bent arm from above while falling to the side is one of the most difficult offensive techniques. It is usually performed in conjunction with a feint. Having caused a response from the defender and approached him, the player transfers his body weight to the leg closest to the direction of the throw. From this position he begins to fall to the side. In this case, the fall occurs as if on the back. The ball may be carried further behind the head. The throw is performed under the defender’s hands at the very last moment before landing (Fig. 127).

The bent arm throw from the side is also used when attacking from closed positions. It can be performed at different heights (depending on the situation): at the waist, thigh, shin. The throw is preceded by crossing steps. When starting a throw, the player leans towards the throwing arm, the hand with the ball bent at the elbow begins to move parallel to the court, the forearm and hand lag somewhat behind. Then

the arm is straightened and with a sweeping movement of the forearm and hand the ball is directed towards the target (Fig. 128).

In addition to throws tilted towards the hitting hand, throws tilted in the opposite direction are often used.

To attack from closed positions, throws with a straight hand are also used. Their advantage is that they can be performed with the attacker's back to the goal. In this case, the swing is carried out by moving forward. Throws with a straight hand are divided into throws from above, below and from the side. The thrower using this method can stand still, run or throw while falling.

A throw with a straight hand from above (with a forward swing) is used when the attacker has his back to the goal and is guarded from behind by a defender. Starting the swing, the player brings the throwing hand under the ball and presses it to the forearm. The weight of the body is transferred to the opposite leg. From this position the throwing hand

A straight arm throw from the side (with a forward swing) is performed in the same cases as an overhead throw. Before swinging, the ball is pressed with the hand to the forearm and supported with the other hand from below. Taking a step in the direction opposite to the direction of the throw, the attacker transfers his body weight to the one in front

leg; then, pushing off sharply, he begins to turn his body with his chest towards the gate. The throwing arm straightens and moves at chest level in a horizontal plane in the same direction. Weight

the body is completely transferred to the leg on which the turn is performed. The throw ends with an active guiding movement of the hand (Fig. 130).

A throw with a straight hand from below (with a forward swing) is used to attack from a position with your back to the goal. When swinging, the player, pressing the ball to the forearm, quickly moves his hand forward, and then with a pendulum-like movement down and back sharply

sends her back. The ball is released after the hand begins to rise up.

Finishing off. Very often a ball thrown into a goal bounces off the goalkeeper or the post. It can be sent back into the goal with a blow from one or two hands. They finish off the ball by jumping and falling into the goalkeeper's area (Fig. 131).

The throw is performed over the released goalkeeper. The attacker imitates a throw in the usual way, but at the last moment, before releasing the ball, he directs it with his wrist through the goalkeeper into the goal (Fig. 132).

Throws after the ball has bounced off the court are more difficult to hold. Therefore, they are used when attacking the goal from all positions. When throwing from extreme positions, the ball is given rotation to the left or right. Then, after the rebound, it abruptly changes its flight direction.

Feints. Feints are complex techniques consisting of two or three elements. Purpose

The first movement is to provoke a reaction from the defender, the second is to use it. Therefore, the first movement is performed a little slower, and the second movement as quickly as possible. There are feints without the ball and with the ball. Feints performed without the ball help the player to free himself from guarding and receive the ball. The player with the ball uses a feint to attack the goal or pass the ball to a teammate.

All offensive techniques are used as feints, as well as bending, lunging, turning, stopping, changing direction and running speed.

The most common feints include:

false pass in one way and then pass the ball in another;

false pass followed by a throw;

a false throw followed by a pass (Fig. 133);

false departure in one direction followed by departure in the other;

a false throw followed by a dribble.

The simplest example of a feint is simulating a jump shot, followed by landing, hitting the ball on the floor and dribbling past the defender.

Screens. They are performed without a ball and with a ball. There are side and front barriers.

In a side screen, the attacker without the ball is positioned to the side of the defender, legs wide apart, arms bent

If a side screen is set by the player with the ball, then he passes the ball after he stops and turns in front of the defender (Fig. 134).

The front screen is different in that the screener stands not on the side, but between his partner and his defender. If the latter tries to get around the screen, the attacker will turn around and interfere with him.

There are also movable and static barriers.

A moving screen is used if there is a need to free the attacker from the opponent’s guard for a longer time. The screener moves after passing the ball parallel to the direction the partner is exiting.

A group screen is a screen that involves two or three attackers. They are located close to each other and deprive defenders of the opportunity to approach the player with the ball.

Technique of playing in defense

All players must be equally proficient in offensive and defensive techniques. Special defensive techniques allow you to take the ball away from your opponent and prevent shots into the goal. These include stance and movement, intercepting and clearing the ball, blocking shots, switching and sliding, and defending the goal.

Defender stance. Defense uses a lower stance than offense because the player must be prepared to make instant exits and jumps in any direction. The defender's legs are bent and stride-width apart, with the body weight on the front of the foot. The arms are half bent (45-50°) and slightly apart at chest level, the palms are open to the ball (Fig. 135). In a duel with a player in possession of the ball, the defender takes a stance with his leg (usually his left) put forward (30-40 cm). For greater stability, the toe of the right foot is turned to the side. The left hand (closest to the ball) is raised up and close To ball, the right one is bent in front of the chest (it absorbs the collision or interferes with the player’s aim). In close contact with the player, the defender uses his body and arms to push the opponent into a less advantageous position.

Movement. Defensive players often have to move backwards and take side steps. The technique of movement of a handball player does not differ from similar techniques of playing basketball.

Interception. The defender should always aim to intercept the ball. Therefore, when playing against an attacker, he needs to take the right

position. It is better to intercept the ball when the defender moves in advance in the direction of a possible pass and pulls out the nearest To hand forward to the opponent. At the moment the ball approaches, the defender, ahead of the attacker, sharply pushes off with his far leg and, taking a wide step with the other leg, catches the ball. It is also possible to intercept by coming out from behind a player waiting for a pass while standing still.

Knockout ball. You can knock the ball out while dribbling and swinging. To knock the ball away from the leader, you need to get close to him and move next to him for some time. Ray-

It is better to do this at the moment when the ball is not protected by the player’s body and begins to rise up after hitting the court. The defender brings his hand under the attacker's and hits the ball with a push of the wrist.

Particularly important is knocking out, which is called “removing the ball from the batter.” It is used against players who have reached the goalkeeper's area line. Having approached the attacker, the defender moves with him and waits for the right moment to swing. When the player raises his hand with the ball back, the defender quickly extends his hand and, blocking the path of the throw, uses his hand to remove the ball from the thrower’s hand (Fig. 136).

Blocking. This is the main technique that prevents shots and ensures possession of the ball and the transition to a counterattack. The direction of the throw is blocked by the arms, torso, and in some cases, by the leg. When blocking a shot, the defender moves from the middle 40-60 cm to the throwing hand in order to be in the middle of the imaginary axis connecting him to the ball. This not only makes blocking easier, but also allows the goalkeeper to see the ball better.

When preparing to block, the defender carefully monitors the player, trying to determine the moment and direction of the throw. Noticing the beginning of the movement, he takes a step forward and quickly extends his straightened arms towards the ball. To more accurately block the throw, the defender slightly bends his arms at the elbows (angle 120-140°), the hands are connected, the fingers are tense and apart (Fig. 137). The ball is met with the palms. If

Blocking is performed in the supporting position. The jump can only be used against a player who has finished dribbling. If the throw is carried out away from the defender, then the arms are extended to the side and at the same time protect the face from the ball.

Switching. This is a technique that allows you to maintain control over the players you are guarding. It is used mainly when setting up barriers. The defender who is being screened immediately retreats one or two steps back and subsequently guards this player. His partner, on the contrary, takes a step forward and meets the player emerging from under the screen.

Goalkeeper technique

Playing in goal is the most difficult and complex part of defensive technique. During the game, the goalkeeper has to fend off 40-70 shots, some of which are made from a distance of only a few meters. To cope with this task, he needs not only the ability to

give special qualities, but also master special defensive techniques perfectly.

The goalkeeper's playing technique consists of stance, movement, catching and holding the ball with his hands, holding the ball with his feet, passes and feints.

Rack. The goalkeeper must be constantly ready for action. To do this, he needs to watch the ball all the time and, having chosen a position, take the desired stance.

The goalkeeper is usually positioned approximately half a meter from the goal line. The legs are bent and placed 20-30 cm wide, the body weight is evenly distributed on the front of the feet. The torso is slightly tilted forward, the arms are bent and spread to the sides, the palms are facing the ball (Fig. 138).

If a throw is threatened from the edge, then the goalkeeper goes to the goal post, straightens up and raises both arms up or lowers one to the side, puts one foot close to the post, turning his toes in the direction from the goal line. The body weight is completely transferred to the leg closest to the bar.

Movement. The goalkeeper must master the technique of movement (sudden starts, jumps, stops, running backwards). Most often you have to use additional steps. But it is important to be able to perform lunges, splits, somersaults, and rolls. When moving, the goalkeeper must strive to maintain a supporting position for as long as possible in order to begin a new movement at any moment.

Catching the ball. The goalkeeper should strive to gain possession of the ball as quickly as possible, since this determines how quickly the team will launch a counterattack. It's best to catch it with both hands. If you cannot immediately catch the ball, you need to strive to take possession of it as quickly as possible after the rebound (Fig. 139).

Holding the ball with your hand. It is almost impossible to catch a fast-flying ball, especially if it is flying away from the player. In this case, the goalkeeper only delays him - blocks his path with his hand extended to the side. If the ball flies into the corner, the goalkeeper takes a short step with his near foot and meets it with his palm or forearm (Fig. 140). In this case, the elbow is somewhat relaxed, and the muscles of the forearm are tense. At the moment of contact with the ball, the forearm moves back slightly to reduce the force of the impact. In some cases, you can hold the ball while jumping and then fall. To do this, the goalkeeper first takes a short step towards the ball, then pushes powerfully. In flight, he holds the ball with one or two hands, after which he lands with a roll and immediately stands up (Fig. 141).

After deflecting a difficult ball, the goalkeeper must aim to direct it

away from players or out of bounds. Holding the ball with your foot. Throws aimed at the bottom of the goal and hitting the ball on the court are delayed with the feet. Falls in this case are irrational, since they require much more time. The ball is held with the nearest foot, for which a step or lunge is taken to the side. The foot and shin are turned around and brought low above the court towards the ball (Fig. 142). The foot is placed on the floor from the heel. A low flying ball is deflected by the joint movement of the arms and legs.

In some cases, especially when approaching a player (Fig. 143), the goalkeeper has to hold the ball with his body.

Passing the ball. The success of the defending team's counterattacks depends on how quickly and accurately the goalkeeper passes the ball. He must be able to pass the ball especially accurately over a long distance - “in the gap.”

Feints. Feints can be used when deflecting the ball and passing. Hand movements, body bends, movements, and also false passes of the ball are used as feints.

Deliberately occupying one of the corners before the throw, the goalkeeper, at the moment of movement of the throwing hand, takes a step in the direction of the left open corner of the goal, where the attacker usually directs his throw. Likewise, he can pre-position his hands to cover one direction for the hitter. This reduces the attacker's options.

GAME TACTICS

Handball uses various systems for organizing team actions in attack and defense. All of them are based on simpler group and individual tactical actions (the classification of the game is given in Fig. 144).

In attack, teams usually organize their actions by placing players in two lines: in the first (in the area immediately adjacent to the goalkeeper's area), from one to four players can act; in the second (behind the nine-meter line) - from two to five attackers. More often than others, the 3-3 arrangement is used. In this case, the attackers are positioned as shown in Fig. 145.

Defense is also usually organized from two lines. Players' positions in defense are determined taking into account their positions in attack. The most commonly used zone defense is 5-1. In this case, the players occupy the following positions: 6 - line player, 7 - left edge

niy, 4 - left midfielder, 3 - middle defender, 2 - right midfielder, 5 - right winger, 1 - goalkeeper.

During the game, players constantly change places, but not for long

playing in a familiar position is usually more successful.

Attack tactics

Attack is the decisive phase of the game. It is carried out from the moment of possession of the ball. The method of organizing an attack is determined by the current situation and the game plan chosen by the team. The nature and content of individual and group actions of players are dictated by the chosen game system and are always consistent with the basic principles

principles of organizing tactical actions in an attack. This is maintaining control of the ball, the formation and their places in it, as well as the variety of technical and tactical means used.

Individual actions handball players in attack are subordinated to solving a common problem. The most important elements of tactics are the correct assessment of the situation and rational choice of location. The player without the ball must first free himself from the opponent's guard and receive the ball in a position convenient for attacking the goal or further developing it by passing the ball to a partner. The player who has taken possession of the ball must quickly look for an opportunity to beat his guard on his own. The success of martial arts depends on the correct choice of moment and method of execution.

Group interactions consist of the coordinated actions of individual players. They can be learned in advance or arise during the game. Attackers should be able to use both of these forms of interaction, but preference should still be given to learned actions, since they are more effective.

Fast Break

This attack system is used at the moment of transition from defense to attack. The fast break attack is effective because it is carried out against a team that has not had time to organize a defense.

A fast break can be created by a sudden interception of the ball, after taking possession of the ball that has bounced off the goalkeeper or goal, during a throw-in or free throw. There are two main ways to attack with a fast break: breaking with a long pass to the forward player and breaking with short passes between non-players.

how many players moving without changing and with changing places:.

Fast break with long pass- the simplest and most effective method of attack. Usually this pass is made by the player who first takes possession of the ball, and most often the goalkeeper.

A long pass is sent to the player who manages to get ahead of the returning defenders. For such a break to be successful, it must be performed at the moment preceding possession of the ball. The first player to receive the ball is either the one closest to the opponent's goal or the one on the far side of the ball.

The transfer is carried out immediately to the exit of the player. However, it should not be too long or high.

One of the variants of the long pass attack is shown in Fig. 146. Having caught the ball, the goalkeeper passes it to the player running into the breakthrough. The remaining partners immediately join the attack, trying to get ahead of the nearest defenders.

Quite often, a pass to an emerging player is made through a player who received the ball near the goalkeeper's area. This method is used when the goalkeeper is unable to make a long pass or when the attacker is late in starting the break and moves with the opponent. This pass is designed to allow for a mistake by the defender returning his back to the ball. The pass is most often directed along the edge, over the head of the defender.

Fast break with short passes used when a team gains possession of the ball in the area in front of the goal and the opponent manages to cover it.

If the opponent manages to maintain equality of strength, then the “second echelon” players join the attack, creating a numerical superiority - 4x3, 5x4. In this case, the attack can end with a throw from a distance through a free “window”.

Group actions during a fast break. A fast break consists of three phases: possession of the ball and transition from defense to attack, maneuver in movement around the court, and completion of the attack. At the beginning of the attack, it is important to start breaking away from the defenders in a timely manner, choose the right exit direction and quickly pass the ball to the player. Therefore, the main form of interaction between two players in this attack phase is a pass to the breakaway player. To avoid an interception, the player must move at an angle towards the goal, blocking the defender's access to the ball. The passing player must choose the correct direction and trajectory of the pass. More often other

Here, longitudinal passes are used to reach the player.

During the maneuver, the attackers strive to occupy the entire width of the court in order to stretch the defense and take convenient positions to complete the attack. Movement at maximum speed (mainly with changing places) is combined with a quick transfer to a partner free from guardianship.

The breakthrough most often ends when the attackers have a numerical superiority over the defenders (1: 0, 2: 1, 3: 2). Here it is important to bring an “extra” player out of the area in front of the goal for a shot. To do this, the player with the ball distracts the defenders with his active actions, and then gives the ball to a partner who has taken a convenient position (Fig. 148). If the attackers do not have a numerical superiority (2: 2, 3: 3), they should not repulse

Prevent the throw and wait for the other partners. Quick, coordinated movements and passes make it possible, even in these conditions, to take advantage of the difficulties in defending a large playing space with small forces and quite easily create an opportunity for a shot.

With the changing rules of the game and the introduction of time limits on attacks, the importance of the fast break has increased. Every team must master this formidable offensive weapon in modern handball.

Positional attack

If a team fails to make a fast break, it is forced to act against the opponent's organized defense. To do this, they resort to a positional attack. It is distinguished by the length of preparation, the constant participation of all players, and the widespread use of previously learned group interaction techniques. The ultimate goal of such an attack is to create a short-term numerical advantage in one of the areas of the site.

Although a positional attack is less effective than a fast break, it is more appropriate in certain cases. The transition to a positional attack allows you to change the pace of the game. However, in modern handball it is more of a forced transition to a new form of attack after a failed fast break.

A positional attack consists of the initial phase, the preparatory phase and the completion of the attack.

In the first phase, the players are positioned, the opponent’s defense system is determined and a plan of action is chosen.

As soon as the players take their positions, the team begins to carry out the planned actions. This preparatory phase involves group interactions involving two to six players. Movements of the ball and players are undertaken to create numerical superiority in one of the areas of the court, convenient for the final throw.

The next phase is the completion of the attack. Simultaneously with the shot at the goal, the team prepares to continue the attack and orderly return to its goal.

In a positional attack, there are two main options for organizing an attack:

with one line player (3-3 formation - Fig. 149, A) and with two (arrangement 4-2 - Fig. 149, b).

Using linemen in the most dangerous scoring zone ties up the defense and makes it difficult for them to play against other offensive players. Linemen's coverage areas and functions are changing. In each individual case, the most rational way of organizing an attack and using linear forwards is chosen.

Group actions during a positional attack. In each phase of the attack they use their own methods of interaction. In the first phase, players change places and take the most convenient position for subsequent actions. In the second phase, various combinations, simple and complex, are used. The simplest ones are interactions between two players, the most complex ones involve all six players. Well-developed techniques of interaction between two or three players allow you to quickly create conditions for scoring a goal.

Effective ways to free yourself from defenders include passing the ball to a player entering a free space (Fig. 150), changing during cross and counter movement (Fig. 151), single and group screens (Fig. 152), a pinning attack - simulating a pass between two defenders followed by passing the ball to the freed partner (Fig. 153).

These combinations involve two or three players. The interactions of a larger number of players consist of the simplest combinations

tions performed with pre-agreed movements of players.

As one of the forms of organizing an attack, an attack with the constant movement of all players, successively occupying different positions on the court, can be used. These include attacks called “figure eight” (Fig. 154), “wave”, “two triangles”, etc.

A special place in positional attack tactics is occupied by actions

in standard positions (with a nine-meter free throw, corner or free throw and with unequal team compositions). For a nine-meter free throw, one of the group screen options is usually used (Fig. 155). They try to complete a corner throw with an attack from close range (Fig. 156).

During a free throw, players position themselves so as to be able to take possession of the rebounded ball and prevent an opponent's counterattack.

If there is a numerical advantage, an attack is used with two attackers approaching the goalkeeper's area line (Fig. 157).

If a team is left in the minority, it strives to maintain control of the ball through active actions for as long as possible.

Defensive tactics

The team finds itself in a defensive role from the moment it loses the ball. Now the goal of her actions is to prevent the opponent from throwing the ball into the goal and to regain possession of it as quickly as possible.

Only with excellent organization of the defenders' actions can this difficult task be solved. Strong defense is the foundation of victory. Defense must be active, flexible, layered. The basic principles of organizing defense are a constant attack by the player with the ball.

chom, maintaining the balance of forces in each sector and at each moment of the attack, creating a numerical superiority in the main direction of the attack.

In defense, you cannot limit your actions to preventing a shot at the goal. You need to actively interfere with the attack. Defense without the backup of one player by another is impossible. Having beaten one, the attacker should always switch to the other defender.

The primary task of the defenders is to delay the first pass and the player rushing into the breakthrough. The players closest to the ball must immediately attack the player who has taken possession of the ball. The rest quickly return.

Defensive tactics consist of individual, group and team actions. Moreover, the nature and content of individual and group actions are determined by the chosen game system.

Individual tactical actions include choosing a position when holding a player without and with the ball, tackling the ball and countering shots into the goal.

The defender is always positioned between the attacker and his own goal at a distance that allows him to actively enter the fight at the right time. If he is marking a player without the ball, he should move slightly to the side of the ball in order to help his teammates if necessary. When guarding the player with the ball, the defender is positioned on the side of his strongest hand, and if there is a threat of a throw, he gets close to him (Fig. 158) and tries to prevent the throw - put his hand on the ball or on the shoulder joint (closer to the collarbone) of the opponent.

If the attacker goes to the ball, then the defender must get ahead of him and make it difficult for him to get out by positioning himself in the way in advance. The leader is pushed closer to the sidelines or towards his weakest hand, trying to simultaneously knock the ball out or force him to pick it up.

The ball is taken away by intercepting passes or knocking out at a convenient moment. An interception is possible if the defender takes a position near the line of the intended pass and anticipates its moment.

You need to make it a rule: do not allow a single throw without blocking. The effectiveness of this technique largely depends on the attention, courage and determination of the blocker. The main thing is to accurately capture the moment of the start of the throw: this deprives the attacker of the opportunity to circle the block. Preliminary approach to the thrower also allows you to successfully carry out the block. The defender always attacks the attacker's throwing hand and covers the most dangerous direction - the near corner of the goal during the throw.

The effectiveness of a goalkeeper's game is largely determined by his ability to choose his place and coordinate his actions with the actions of the defenders. When moving in front of the goal, he should almost always be on the line,

which bisects the angle formed by the player with the ball and the side goalposts. From here he prepares to move forward to reduce the angle of impact. It is mandatory to come out like this against a striker from close range from the area in front of the goal (see Fig. 143). The goalkeeper approaches the player at a distance of 2-2.5 m and stops or jumps with his arms and legs spread wide. At the same time, he must be ready to quickly step back if the ball is thrown.

When shooting at an angle of 30-20°, the goalkeeper can safely go forward, as this will significantly reduce the possible angle of impact, and it is very difficult to throw the ball over it. When throwing shots at an angle of 30-40°, it is advisable for the goalkeeper to take a place 30-50 cm from the near post.

When shooting a seven-meter free throw, the goalkeeper comes out of the gate and approaches the kicker at a distance of 4-5 m, and when shooting nine-meter shots, he takes a place in the corner, not covered by a wall of players.

The goalkeeper must constantly direct the actions of the defenders and coordinate his actions with them. Defenders should strive to cover the near corner and the attacker's shooting hand, but not block the ball from the goalkeeper and give him the opportunity to clearly see the movement of the shooting hand. With proper interaction with the defender, the goalkeeper mainly focuses on deflecting the shot into the far corner of the goal.

TO group tactical actions defenders include backing, switching, slipping, group blocking, interaction with the numerical superiority of attackers.

Hedging means creating a numerical superiority in the main direction of attack - the defenders move towards the partner attacking the player with the ball. Defenders approach him from both sides, creating a “protective triangle” (Fig. 159).

Switching is used during screens, oncoming and cross movements, and when attackers change places. Having approached each other, the defenders exchange ward players at a signal (Fig. 160).

Slippage is when one of the defenders is given the opportunity to relentlessly control the player.

stove player. This is usually necessary when keeping the forwards tight. Then the defender, who has been approached by a partner with an attacker, takes a step back from the person being guarded, letting the other pass in the shortest direction behind the outgoing attacker. Group blocking is carried out by two or three players. It allows you to tightly close the striker. This technique is used when breaking through a nine-meter free

throwing when the attackers form a “wall” in front of the goal (Fig. 161), as well as directly in the game. In this case, two defenders usually interact, blocking possible throws into the corners

Interaction when tackling the ball is typical for aggressive defensive systems. They resort to it in the fight against the player in possession of the ball. The closest (or free) partner suddenly comes to the aid of the defender guarding him, who attacks the player moving with the ball or stopping after dribbling, trying to knock out or intercept the ball from him.

By interacting with a numerical minority (2x3, 3x4, etc.), the defenders try to delay the development of the attack, interfere with the pass or intercept it and force the opponent to shoot from a disadvantageous position. To do this, they retreat to the goalkeeper's area and position themselves in the middle in front of the goal. By feinting, they force the attacker with the ball to make a hasty pass, which the other defender tries to intercept. They usually cover the player with the ball and the teammates closest to him. Players located on the far side of the ball and near the side lines remain free; The player with the ball is pushed back from the middle so that he can shoot at a sharper angle.

Personal protection system

With this system of organizing team actions, each player is tasked with holding a specific striker. They distribute custody taking into account positions, physical and other qualities, or based on the principle of the closest player at the moment the ball is lost.

Personal defense has three types: across the entire court, in one’s own half, and in the area immediately adjacent to the goalkeeper’s area.

It is quite difficult to carry out personal defense: attackers with the ball have the right to take three steps before and after dribbling the ball; The ability to take the ball away from a player who has complete control of it is also limited. However, in some cases, personal defense becomes the only way to achieve victory.

Personal protection throughout the court justified when the defending team has obvious superiority or when the opponent, leading

in the score, delays the game. Having lost the ball, the defenders immediately disassemble the players and relentlessly follow them, making it difficult to receive the ball and act with it.

Personal defense in your own half of the field serves the same purpose as full-court defense.

Personal defense at the goalkeeper's crease used to establish complete control over the actions of each attacker. It is especially effective when the defenders are outnumbered. In this case, the free defender takes a place in the center of the zone and protects all players (Fig. 162).

Zone defense system

It differs in that defenders act only in a certain zone assigned to each.

Any attacker who finds himself in the zone is guarded by a defender. It is quite difficult to overcome a zone defense, since the actions are mainly concentrated in a limited area of ​​​​the area in front of the goal - in the zone of greatest effectiveness of shots (from the middle to the 40° angle). In addition, there is almost always not one, but several defenders acting against the player with the ball.

The placement of defenders can be different. There are several options for zone defense: 6-0 (or six in a line), 5-1 4-2 and 3-3 (Fig. 163).

The choice of one option or another is determined by the preparedness of the defenders and the tactical scheme of the opponent’s game. In a game with teams attacking predominantly with long throws, two or three players are pushed forward, the rest remain at the six-meter line. When facing teams that play with offensive linemen and wingers, most defenders remain in the second line. Each of these options has its own variations in the arrangement of players and the nature of their actions. Their goal, as a rule, is to ensure constant control in any phase of the attack over each attacker, and especially over the player with the ball.

The interaction between defenders in the zone comes down to coordinating access to the player with the ball beyond the nine-meter line (with protection

vacated zone) and to switching defenders during movements and screens of attackers (Fig. 164).

Mixed system forshields

It is built on the principles of personal and zone defense systems and thus complements and enhances them. Mixed defense allows you to fetter the initiative of the opponent's strongest players and at the same time concentrate the main forces on the main direction of the attack. Most often it manifests itself in tight holding of one or two attackers, while the rest of the players are located in the zone. This defense is called “five plus one” (5+1) or “four plus two” (4+2). Recently, the 5+1 defense has become especially widespread.

Each team must be armed with several systems and defense options. During the game they are used in various combinations. The transition from one system to another is also possible during one attack by the opponent, which gives the defenders great advantages: the opponent is forced to repeatedly rebuild during the game. f A it is very difficult to do this.

TEACHING AND TRAINING METHODOLOGY

In the process of education and training, handball players acquire special knowledge, skills and abilities, improve physical, psychological, moral and volitional qualities.

At the first stage, students become familiar with the rules and main content of the game, study the leading elements of technology, the basics of individual tactics, and become familiar with the simplest techniques of team tactical actions.

At the second stage, the previously learned is improved and new, more complex techniques and basic tactics of the game in attack and defense are taught.

At the third stage, sports training begins, with the goal of achieving a high level of mastery of technique and tactics, preparing the body for maximum loads and stress.

Physical training

The game of handball places high demands on the body of those involved. The higher the level of development of physical qualities, the easier it is to achieve sportsmanship. With the improvement of functionality

By increasing the body's capabilities, the effectiveness of using techniques and tactics of the game increases.

For general physical training of handball players, general developmental exercises are used without objects, with objects and on equipment; exercises from athletics (running, jumping, throwing), gymnastics and acrobatics, weightlifting, swimming and other sports. A variety of outdoor games are very useful, as well as football, hockey, and badminton.

Exercises included in special physical training are usually divided into two groups: 1) exercises for developing strength, speed, endurance, agility, reaction speed, orientation and other qualities; 2) exercises aimed at improving playing techniques.

To develop strength, dynamic exercises are used, performed at a variable pace; to develop “explosive” strength, exercises with light weights, performed at a maximum pace, are used. The most effective exercises are performed with a weight that is 30% of the maximum. Performing them to failure allows you to develop not only strength, but also strength endurance.

Exercises with light weights are very useful in mastering the basic technical techniques of the game. In this case, it is possible to increase strength without disturbing the structure of the technique of playing techniques. Therefore, in the training of handball players, a weighted ball (up to 600 g), exercises with medicine balls and on block apparatus (with weights) are widely used. The training also includes a variety of exercises with a barbell, dumbbells, expander, rubber cords, overcoming your own weight and the resistance of a partner, running in difficult conditions (on sand, snow), etc.

In handball, both the speed of an individual movement and the ability to act at maximum tempo for a long time are equally important. Speed ​​is developed through exercises performed with the highest frequency for 4-6 seconds. They are repeated periodically with rest intervals. This repeated method of work is successfully combined with the method of variable and interval training.

To develop speed qualities and acquire the so-called game speed, various exercises are used, performing technical elements with maximum speed of movement and educational games with a reduction in time, a decrease in the size of the site and the number of players. Various types of speed running are also of great importance, and especially 20-60 m dashes, all kinds of games and relay races.

The basis of speed endurance is general endurance, developed in the process of long-term exercise with low intensity. To develop special endurance, on the contrary, exercises performed with increased intensity are necessary. Therefore, handball players develop endurance in the process of variable and interval work. Then the exercise intensity should reach 80% of the maximum possible. At the end of the exercise, the pulse can reach 180 beats per minute, and the exercise itself is

lasts 30-90 seconds. and about the same amount of rest pause, in which the heart rate drops to 120-140 beats.

The main exercises that develop endurance are cross-country running in combination with walking and general developmental exercises, preparatory and game exercises performed for a long time (football, swimming, skiing and 1 other sports, educational games and competitions).

They improve endurance by gradually increasing the load, increasing its intensity, increasing the pace and duration of the workout; complete the exercise.

Agility improves along with improvements in overall coordination, balance and orientation. It is necessary to develop dexterity (general and special) systematically.

To do this, use exercises with and without a ball in a limited space, outdoor games, acrobatic exercises, sports games (football, rugby, hockey) and other sports (diving, boxing, etc.), special exercises in unusual conditions (with a sudden change of situations, complication of the opponent’s counteraction, etc.).

Handball players need to constantly improve their flexibility (especially goalkeepers) and jumping ability. To do this, training includes exercises that help develop flexibility in other sports.

Purposeful development of all physical qualities helps to achieve the harmonious unity of their manifestation in game, competitive conditions.

Technical training

Mastery of a particular technique occurs in a certain methodological sequence. External conditions are gradually becoming more complex. If at first the movements are performed without elements of competition, then later they include elements of competition in accuracy and speed, A also exercises with opposition from an opponent. At first he is passive, but gradually his activity increases. The number of conditional rivals is also increasing.

They improve the techniques they learn in special game exercises and educational double-sided games.

They study technique simultaneously with individual tactics. In the future, they master the techniques necessary for group interactions and the basics of team tactics.

Teaching the technique of playing without a ball. These elements are technically simpler than others, so they are studied first. First they perform it at a slow pace, without an opponent, then the speed is increased and resistance is turned on. Consolidation and improvement of the technique of playing without a ball is carried out in relay races and in game conditions.

First, they study running and moving with side steps. Then they move on to stopping, turning, and running backwards. Completed

This section is devoted to the study of feints and all possible combinations of different methods of movement.

Education technology ball games. This is the most complex and extensive section. The teacher’s task is to teach students not only to handle the ball correctly, but also intelligently.

Training begins with mastering ways to hold the ball (one hand and two). They study catching and passing at the same time: first they master catching with two hands and passing with a bent arm from above, and then passing in other ways. I catch with one hand, feints and hidden passes are learned later.

They move on to mastering dribbling after the students master catching with two hands and passing with one hand from above. Dribbling is first performed in a straight line, then with a change in direction and dribbling around the opponent. This section ends with a study of feints in combination with dribbling and other techniques.

Throwing at the goal is taught after passing in the same way has been mastered. Participants first throw the ball from a standstill, then after several steps, while running, jumping and falling. From shots in the center they gradually move to shots at an increasingly acute angle to the goal.

At first, throws are mastered in isolation from other elements, but later they are increasingly associated with various techniques, and especially with feints.

First, they master feints with a delay in execution, with a change in direction, then with a change in the method of transmission. In the same sequence, they study feints when shooting at the goal and dribbling the opponent. Initially, the feint is performed in place and without resistance or in motion at a slow pace. Then the speed of execution increases and an opponent is introduced.

The technique of playing defense is studied in parallel with mastering attack techniques, but with some advance on the latter. After the stance and movement with side steps are mastered, they study interceptions during passes, blocking shots at the goal, knocking out while dribbling and “removing” the ball during throws. The technique being studied is performed first in isolation, and then with slow action of the attacker. Gradually the reception is done faster and faster. Next comes the choice of the moment and method of counteraction, since the attacker is allowed to determine the method of attack himself. Consolidation and improvement take place in game exercises with martial arts and in bilateral games.

Learning how to play as a goalkeeper begins with mastering your stance and movements. Then they teach how to catch and hold the ball with their hands (in a supporting position), after that - holding the ball with their feet (with a step, with a lunge, in a split) and passing the ball. Later they master the techniques of holding the ball while jumping and falling, feints, and entering the ball. First, the goalkeeper learns to act in the center of the goal, and then - when shooting from extreme positions.

Leading exercises are the same techniques performed outside the goal and in easier conditions (throwing the ball, throwing in

a certain point, etc.). Imitation exercises (without a ball) are also useful.

In goalkeeper training, an important place is occupied by actions in difficult conditions: shots from close range, repelling several consecutive shots; delaying throws after turning to the thrower at the signal, etc.

Exercises used for technical training are carried out in pairs, ranks, columns, circles, squares and triangles. Participants are divided into several subgroups (depending on the number of balls and equipment). All exercises are performed in a stream, with pauses for explanations, correction of errors and rest. In the future, the improvement of technology takes place simultaneously with the solution of problems of physical and tactical training. To do this, they use complex exercises that influence the development of physical qualities and special motor skills, as well as individual and group exercises in the technique and tactics of playing in their positions in the team.

Tactical training

Tactics training is the most important and difficult section of training. If in performing technical techniques everything depends on the player himself, then in tactical actions success is determined by the coordination of the actions of the entire team. Students must master individual, group and team actions in attack and defense.

Training in individual tactical actions. First, students master the basics of individual offensive actions. While studying the technique, they consistently master actions that ensure receiving the ball from partners: accessing the ball without beating and beating the defender. For this purpose, exercises in passing the ball with exits and exercises in martial arts are used. At the same time, in such exercises, defenders also learn to cover the player without the ball.

Having received the ball, the attacker must be able to use it correctly. Therefore, in the future it is important to teach students to understand and correctly solve the simplest game problems. This is, first of all, the choice of the method of individual play or collective interaction. Actions with the ball are mastered in exercises involving beating an opponent in single combat or with the help of a partner.

Later, attackers learn to help their teammates with actions without the ball: distract defenders, set a screen, etc.

Individual tactical actions in defense are taught in the same sequence. When students learn to choose a place in actions against a player without the ball, they move on to mastering actions against a player with the ball, and then - actions against two attackers.

When holding a player without the ball, the defender first of all masters the basic principle of positioning between the attackers and the goal.

To do this, they use exercises in single combat with a player trying to reach the intended point.

Later they move on to mastering holding the player without the ball directly near the goal. At the same time, defenders are exploring ways to prevent the attacker from getting out and receiving the ball in the danger zone. At the same time, they master the position of the defender between the player and the ball (an important rule of “cutting”), and study the technique of playing interception.

Training in actions against a player with the ball is divided into the following stages: choosing a position (depending on the position of the attacker), countering the leader (attack from the strongest hand, pushing to the side lines, knocking out the ball), blocking the striker (position in relation to the throwing hand and goal , exit, countering the dribble), fighting with the player near the goalkeeper's crease line (preventing exit, “removing” the ball when throwing).

It is best to consolidate individual tactical actions and improve them in a two-way game.

Training in collective tactical actions. The study of group and team actions, which constitute the main content of tactical training, begins after mastering the most important elements of individual tactics. Methods of group interaction are mastered together with a specific tactical system.

Studying group actions in an attack begins with mastering the interaction of two players. First, they master actions in conditions of numerical superiority (2x1), and then - numerical equality (2X2).

The basis of interaction between two players is passing the ball to a free partner. These actions are initially mastered as elements of a fast-break attack system: passes between two players moving in parallel, passes with a change of place, long pass to a breaking partner, completion of an attack with a numerical superiority.

They begin to study the interaction of two players in a positional attack soon after they begin to master the fast break. Actions here are carried out in conditions of numerical equality, and they are mastered in passes with subsequent exit and return of receiving the ball during longitudinal, oncoming and cross movements. Later, they begin to study the screens set by the player without the ball and with the ball. When mastering these actions, use exercises in pairs on certain areas of the site. The learned techniques are reinforced in two-way games as elements of attack from certain player formations (initially 6-0).

The next stage is to study the interaction of a larger number of players (3,4, etc.). In an attack, a quick breakthrough is used to master passes with and without changing places, completing an attack with a numerical superiority (3x2, 4x3) and numerical equality. In positional attack tactics, interactions within lines are studied (for example, edge, middle, point guard). First, they master combinations with passes and player exits, and then screens. It is important to adhere to the principle of logical interconnection of techniques, building up new things from the studied

previously valuable material. After this, they begin to master the coordinated actions of the entire six attackers. Usually elected | the formation is 3-3 and any of the attack options with the movement of all players is used - “wave”, “eight”.

Finally, they study actions in standard positions and with unequal team compositions.

Training in group interactions in defense also begins with the actions of two defenders. In this case, the personal protection system is studied first.

The interaction of two defenders is studied in the following sequence:

safety - shift to the defender attacking the player with the ball;

switching - changing players during movements, dribbles and screens;

actions against a numerically superior opponent.

These same interactions are then studied with three or more defenders.

They move on to learning zone defense after mastering personal defense in their own half and across the entire court. It begins with an examination of the 6-0 zone defense, where the interactions between defenders are most simple and yet typical. In the future, zone defense options 5-1, 4-2 and 3-3 are learned.

After this, they move on to mastering mixed defense - 5-1 and 4-2 and actions in standard positions and unequal team compositions.

It is necessary that students learn how to move from one system to another in the game and independently be able to find techniques in response to the opponent’s actions. Much attention should be paid from the very beginning to teaching an organized transition from attack to defense and back.

When teaching tactical systems, the leading role is played by

| games for one and two goals (with restrictions on the choice of means of attack and defense). Example exercises 1. Catching and passing the ball against defender resistance. 2. Dribbling the ball while dribbling past the defender.

Passing and dribbling the ball in an arc, figure eight, two triangles.

Passing the ball to a partner, then going out, catching the ball and throwing it into the goal.

Throwing the ball into the goal after dribbling, overcoming the resistance of the defender.

Passing the ball to a partner and setting a screen for his defender.

Throwing the ball into the goal after a screen.

Passing the ball into a breakthrough, throwing the ball in motion.

Hidden pass to the line for a shot at the goal during cross movement.

FEATURES OF CLASSES WITH CHILDREN

Systematic learning to play handball usually begins at the age of 10-11 (at school - from the 4th grade). A simplified version of the game - mini-handball - helps to attract children to classes.

There are a number of features in the education and training of children and adolescents. The most important of them are as follows. In class With it is especially important to comply with them comprehensiveness, clarity,sedateness, ensure an active, nurturing characterprocess of learning and training.

Comprehensiveness important not only for achieving harmonious physical development - the basis of higher sportsmanship, but also for the technical and tactical training of young athletes. Deficiencies in technology negatively affect the player's tactical performance. Studying a large number of passes, throws, and interactions allows the guys to choose the most advantageous solution in each situation. Limitation in choice makes the game stereotypical and ineffective. Each player must master three or four ways of throwing, feinting and passing the ball.

In tactical training, comprehensiveness means versatility in performing various game functions. It is important that every player can play in any position. A well-rounded athlete will be able to find the right way to solve any game situation. This will allow the use of the most active, dynamic forms of tactical action in attack and defense.

Gradualism It is necessary, first of all, to increase the intensity of training loads, in the sequence of mastering motor skills. It is better to master a few techniques perfectly than to be mediocre in many.

Graduality involves the widespread use of leading games and exercises. These primarily include exercises With small balls. At the first stage, you can use ordinary children's balls (rubber or plastic). It is especially important to correctly select the material to be studied, bearing in mind the completion of the training of a young handball player only at the last stage, immediately before his transfer to the adult team.

Graduation is also needed in relation to participation in competitions, which should be considered as part of the training process. Competitions are a kind of test of the work of the coach and the preparedness of the players.

The unnecessary desire to win every competition should also be prevented. This will save the guys from forced preparation

and will give young athletes the opportunity to experience the real joy of victory. Therefore, children should be prepared to participate in competitions gradually, without emphasizing the need to win.

Visibility The learning process plays an extremely important role when working with children and adolescents. This is achieved through quality presentation accompanied by precise, concise and clear explanation. The use of films, photographs, drawings, and models arouses interest among the children.

The specifics of age development force us to use mainly the play method in classes with children. Reinforce what is being learned in simple games and exercises. Training should be live, close to the game itself.

When teaching tactics, one should strive to instill in children, first of all, the skills of collective action in the game. All typical game situations must be explained and shown in detail. The simplest interactions in these situations should be practiced until automaticity appears in order to successfully apply them in all similar cases. Schematism should be avoided and children’s initiative and creativity should be encouraged.

A conscious, active attitude of young handball players to the study of the game, to the process of training and self-improvement must be cultivated. Not the least role here is played by will and hard work, perseverance in achieving the goal. It is extremely important to instill in children the concepts of sports honor and ethics, to develop the desire for constant mutual assistance and revenue. The tasks are easier if a healthy children's team is formed from the very first days of classes.

Learning the game begins with mastering individual tactical actions. Moreover, first they master simpler actions without a ball. Ball skills are initially limited to catching and passing. Thus, at the age of 10-12, they learn to catch a high-flying ball with two hands, passes with a bent arm from above and with two hands from the chest, throws from above in support and in a jump over the goalkeeper’s area. At the same time, specialized training for goalkeepers begins: they master the ability to deflect balls thrown from a welterweight position.

At the age of 13-14 they begin to study other methods of catching, passing from above in a jump, from below, hitting the floor, throwing in a jump and in a fall; feints with the ball (during passes). In the future (at 15-16 years old), the arsenal of mastered technical techniques is expanded, and later (at 17-18 years old) it is thoroughly improved.

Tactical training in full begins at the age of 13-14 years. Students master individual actions with the ball, a personal defense system, elements of a fast break and positional attack (without linear players). At the age of 15-16 they begin to study zone and mixed defense (5-1), breakthrough with the participation of two or three players, positional attack With one lineman. Combinations involving no more than three players are chosen as the main ones.

The study of the basic tactical systems of playing the game is completed V 17-18 years old. In the future, they consolidate what was previously learned and acquire

ability to correctly use techniques in changing competition conditions.

The study of individual tactical interaction in children should be based on several stages:

full explanation and analysis of all cases of possible solutions; choosing the most suitable option;

mastery of the technical side of the interaction being studied (coordination of actions in place and time);

fixing the combination in constant conditions;

consolidation in changing conditions, when players themselves must evaluate and choose the method of interaction.

This sequence allows you to develop tactical thinking and creative abilities of young handball players. Each of them must learn to think and act independently in the game, creatively applying their knowledge and skills. Therefore, one of the main tasks of preparing children and adolescents is acquiring competitive experience.

INVENTORY AND EQUIPMENT

To solve the problems of physical and technical-tactical training of handball players, various auxiliary equipment and special equipment are widely used. For the most part, these are the same devices that are used in training in other sports games. Some of the most useful include:

Portable gates (3x2 m). They allow you to increase the density of throwing preparation.

Training board (3.5x2.5 m) with goal outline. It is used when practicing throwing accuracy.

Hanging squares (50x50 cm). They serve as targets.

A portable inclined backboard for practicing throws during individual training.

The shield is ribbed. It is used to develop reaction speed.

Small trampoline. It is used to improve ball passes.

Mannequins (stationary and swinging). They are used for practicing throws from under the defender.

Stands for outlining.

Hanging bags. They are used to improve orientation when guiding.

"Propeller". The simplest device with an electromechanical circuit. Made in the form of a target. When the ball hits the moving arrow, it completes the circuit and causes the light bulb to light up. Used to improve the accuracy of passing the ball.

Layout of the court with figures of players.

Magnetic board.

Equipment used when performing exercises to develop physical qualities: strength, endurance (dumbbells, medicine balls, jump ropes, weighted belts, sandbags, rubber shock absorbers, etc.).

The tactics of the game is a complex of individuals and groups. and command actions, most appropriately used in the game.

Attack: 1) individual (care, use of throw, passes, dribble and feints). Care can be hidden. Open; applying throw from open and closed positions; use of passes openly and hidden, feints with movement, with passing, with throwing. 2) Group action - parallel, contraction and without contraction. Crosses - internal, external; Screen: internal and external. 3) command actions: rapid - separation and breakthrough, attack position - 3-3, 4-2, in a row.

Protection.1) Individual: guarding players without the ball - tight and loose, and guarding a player with the ball - exiting and retreating, using tackling, using knocking out, using blocking, feints. 2) Group: safety net - when guarding, when blocking; switching-change, transmission; analysis. 3) Team: personal defense - with and without switching, zone defense: 6-0, 5-1, 4-2, 3-3, 2-4; mixed: 5-1, 4-2.

ANALYSIS OF TACTICAL ATTACK SYSTEMS

Escaping is an individual tactical action with the help of which the attackers free themselves from the enemy’s guardianship and take an advantageous position for further play. Using a throw. All throws can be used from open and closed positions. Throws should be sharp, with the ball spinning and the ball flying upward. When choosing a throwing method, the attacker must take into account the characteristics of the goalkeeper.

preparing a shot from both the defender and the goalkeeper. Hiding behind the defender from the goalkeeper, the attacker makes a throw in the shortest period of time. The main thing is not to give the defender the opportunity to use any countermeasure. The goalkeeper sees where the ball is coming from.

Application of transfer. When passing the ball, it is necessary to take into account the position of the partner, the speed and direction of his movement, and the proximity of the guarding player. Open passes, Hidden passes Applications of dribbling. You should start dribbling by setting yourself the specific task of using this technique: 1) dribble around the defender and attack the goal, 2) using dribbling, get as close as possible to the goalkeeper’s area for the final shot. 3) force several defenders to take care of you, and then give the ball to a free partner to complete the attack. Feints are actions of an attacker, consisting of unexpectedly started and interrupted playing techniques, aimed at disorienting the defender and losing his readiness to counter the main technique.

Feints by movement are used by the attacker in order to free himself from the guard of the defender. These feints are expressed in a change in the direction and pace of movements. A pass feint is used to: 1) distract the attention of the defender from the partner with whom the attacker intends to interact (show the pass to one, and give it to the other); 2) switch the attention of the defender and goalkeeper to a partner in order to take advantage of the situation to avoid an attack on the goal (show a pass, and then leave while dribbling the ball or make a throw).) The throw feint is used: 1) to remove the defender and goalkeeper from the readiness stance ( swing to throw from above, throw from the side); 2) for the defender to change position, i.e., make an exit (swing for a throw - leaving while dribbling the ball; swing for a throw - passing the ball to a freed partner).1 Group actions. Parallel actions are a type of group attack actions in which the attackers' paths during the attack do not intersect. We can distinguish two ways of this interaction, depending on the tasks that the attackers set for themselves: either interact by keeping the defenders at a certain distance from each other, or force them to come close together.

Cross actions are a type of group action in which the paths of movement or directions of movement of partners intersect during an attack. Neighborhood actions are internal and external.

Screening is a type of action in which one of the attackers blocks the path of the guarding player. Internal screening - actions in which the blocker is between the partner and the guardian on the partner's line of attack. External screening is an interaction in which the blocker is on the partner’s line of attack, to the right or left of the defender.

There are barriers: without care, with care, with accompaniment.

A fast attack is a type of team action against scattered defenders.

BASICS OF TRAINING METHODS

HANDBALL TECHNIQUES AND TACTICS

Educational and methodological manual on handball

for students of the Faculty of Physics

culture and sports

UDC 796.3 6 796.322(07)(075)

BBK 75.1r3ya73+75.576r3ya73

Fundamentals of methods of teaching handball technique and tactics: Educational manual / Comp. T.N.Timush – Tiraspol, 2008 – 82 p.

Reviewers:

Emelyanova Yu.N. – Ph.D., Head of the Department of Sports Games

Kovalchuk A.D. – Honored Trainer of the PMR, Excellent Student. education

The educational and methodological manual was prepared in accordance with the state standard and modern requirements for the training of physical education teachers. The manual reflects current trends in the development of basketball techniques and tactics, and provides a general description of the methodology for conducting lessons and basketball training sessions.

The sections concerning the technique and tactics of the game provide a brief analysis of the main techniques, highlight possible errors in their implementation, and provide sample exercises for training and improvement. The physical training section reveals the importance of physical qualities and the peculiarities of their development in basketball, and provides some exercises for developing speed, strength, and flexibility.

The manual also provides material for additional study based on program material for independent work.

The educational and methodological manual is intended for students of the Faculty of Physical Education, physical education teachers, and coaches.

Approved by the Scientific and Methodological Council of PSU named after. T.G. Shevchenko

Timush T.N., compilation, 2008

Transnistrian State University

them. T.G. Shevchenko

Faculty of Physical Culture and Sports

Department of Sports Games

BASICS OF TRAINING METHODS

TECHNIQUE AND TACTICS

HANDBALL

handball teaching manual

for students of the Faculty of Physical Culture and Sports

Tiraspol-2008

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………...5

1. Conventions………………………………………………………...9

2. Methodology for teaching technical techniques in handball………………………..10

2.a Methodology for teaching attack techniques……………………………..……..11

2.b Methodology for teaching defense techniques……………………………..……..27

2.c Methodology for teaching goalkeeper playing technique…………………………..…….31

3. Methodology for correcting errors……………………………………..….……36

4. Methods of technical training……………………………………..……..38

5. Tasks for additional study on technology………………………43

6. Methodology for teaching tactical interactions in handball……………46

6.a Methodology for teaching attack tactics…………………………………….46

6.b Methodology for teaching defense tactics…………………………………….57

7. Methodology for teaching goalkeeper playing tactics…………………………………..70

8. Methods of tactical training…………………………………………….76

9. Tasks for additional study on tactics………………………..80

Literature……………………………………………………………………………….81

Introduction

Handball is one of the sports with so-called conflict activities. Teams strive to achieve an advantage over their opponents by disguising their plans and at the same time trying to reveal the plans of the enemy. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the sports wrestling of teams from the standpoint of confrontation between the parties. The game process is determined by the presence of technology, tactics and strategy. Without these components, team combat sports is impossible.

Technique is a set of game techniques, which is a system of rational movements to achieve victory over an opponent.

Tactics is a system of actions aimed at solving current problems of struggle during one meeting. During the fight, one team in possession of the ball strives to throw it into the opponent’s goal as many times as possible, outplaying the defense and the goalkeeper. The opposing team sets itself other tasks: not to allow the ball to be thrown into their own goal, intercept the ball before the opponent’s throw and carry out a counter attack. According to the aspirations of both teams, situations of struggle between them unfold.

Strategy – this is the art of leading the struggle. In sports, strategy is a system of knowledge about the laws of competitive struggle. Knowledge of these patterns allows us to predict the nature and conditions of upcoming competitions. The strategy includes: 1) studying game trends; 2) determining the direction of the team’s preparation process based on the experience of its participation in previous competitions and studying the conditions for future ones.

In the process of preparing for a specific competition, the strategic tasks will be: 1) assessing the capabilities of individual players on your team and determining the game plan; 2) establishing the nature of the opponent’s game and, on this basis, choosing systems and forms of play; 3) determination of the competition regime as a whole.

Handball is a team game. The main team consists of 7 people who take to the court. All of them are united by the common goal of throwing as many balls as possible into the opponent’s goal and not letting them into their own. To achieve success, coordinated actions of all team members are required, subordinating their actions to the implementation of a common task. The activities of each team player have a specific focus, according to which handball players are distinguished by role: goalkeeper and field players in attack (central point guard, midfielder, winger, lineman) and defense (central, midfielder, winger, front defender).

The motor activity of handball players in the game is not just the sum of individual techniques of defense and attack, but a set of actions united by a common goal into a single dynamic system. The success of motor activity depends on the stability and variability of skills, the level of development of physical qualities and intelligence of the players.

Over the past decade there has been a significant intensification of the game. This is expressed in the continuous mobility of the handball player in the game, in increasing the speed of movement and performing techniques with the ball, in improving the so-called game without the ball, in a more intense struggle of each athlete in any game episode.

Modern handball is an athletic game that places high demands on the motor and functional capabilities of the athlete. When participating in competitions, a handball player does a lot of work. During a game, a high-level team athlete covers an average distance of 4000-6500 m. During a rapid transition to attack and from attack to defense of his goal, the handball player makes up to 50 jerks and accelerations, while covering up to 25% of the total distance covered during the game. Movement at high speed is combined with catching, passing and throwing the ball into the goal.

The motor activity of handball players includes walking, running, jumping, jerking, catching and passing the ball, throwing the ball into the goal, in most cases during single combat between opponents. The quantitative characteristics of the listed components of motor activity are not the same for players of different roles. For example, when performing defensive actions, handball players move in short bursts of 2-10 m, covering an average 600-meter distance per game. However, the central defender (according to V.I. Izaak) covers a distance of 730 m, and the winger only 400 m. in this case, the central defender, when approaching the player with the ball, covers a distance of 250 m, and the winger - only about 20 m.

Particularly large discrepancies are observed in the number of gear applications. The center point guard and midfielder pass the ball 2-3 times more often than the wing player, and 6-8 times more often than the line player. This corresponds to the tasks of the game role: the players of the second line of attack create conditions for scoring by playing the ball, and the players of the first line, being under the close tutelage of defenders, mainly act without the ball.

When moving from attack to defense and, conversely, from defense to attack, the greatest activity is observed among the wing players. They perform a lot of acceleration, compensating for the low activity in jerking movements during positional play. The greatest demands for movement in short bursts are placed on defenders who defend in central positions. They perform from 50 to 120 rushes in one game, destroying the consistency of the enemy’s actions in attack.

The welterweight performs the most jumps. However, the total number of jumps in the game of handball players is small. On average, players make no more than 20 jumps. These patterns are inherent in both the play of men's and women's teams with some minor adjustments to the ratios.

Handball is a game with non-standard movements and dynamic power work of variable power. The intensity changes continuously. This is due to the situation on the court at every moment of the game. The alternation of active and passive phases in the player’s motor activity generally follows after 3-20 s. Active phases are fast movement, possession of the ball, combat with the enemy, and passive phases are slow movement without the ball and stopping. In games with a weak opponent, the passive phases are lengthened, but the active ones remain almost unchanged.

1. Legend:

Attack player

Defense player

Goalkeeper

- passing the ball

Shot at the goal

Player movement direction

Dribbling

Rack

) - screen

2 .Methods of teaching technical techniques in handball.

When learning each technique, it is important to consider it in phases. Moreover, the main attention must be concentrated first on the main phase of the movement, and only then on the details and variety of the preparatory phase. When studying any technique, the logical sequence of formation of a technical action must be observed.

familiarization with the reception.

Studying the technique in simplified conditions.

Improving reception in difficult conditions.

Using the technique in the game.

When familiarizing yourself, it is necessary to provide information about the technique being studied using visual methods and create a general visual and motor idea of ​​it. During repeated displays and demonstrations of visual aids (photos, diagrams, kilograms), attention is focused on the most important details. The demonstration is accompanied by a story about the place and significance of the technique in the game, about its most rational use in certain game situations. The following is a trial attempt.

Learning in simplified conditions offers no interference for mastering the movement structure. The selection of preparatory and lead-in exercises is of great importance.

During initial learning, two methods are used: holistic and dissected exercises (used to study techniques and actions that are complex in structure).

To complicate the conditions of execution when learning game techniques, they change the starting position, distance, direction, speed of movements, introduce interference, and introduce confrontations.

Teams strive to achieve an advantage over their opponents by disguising their plans and at the same time trying to reveal the plans of the enemy. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the sports wrestling of teams from the position of confrontation between the parties. The game process is determined by the presence of technique and tactics of the game. Without these components, team combat sports is impossible.

Technique is a set of playing techniques that represent a system of national movements necessary to play the game.

Depending on the nature of the game, technique is divided into two large sections: field player technique and goalkeeper technique. The field player's technique is, in turn, divided into attacking technique and defensive technique. In the attack technique there are groups of movement and possession of the ball, and in the defense technique there are groups of movement and counteracting the possession of the ball.

2.a. Methods of teaching attack techniques

During the offensive game, the handball player uses certain techniques. His readiness to take part in the game is reflected in the player’s posture, which is called a stance. The main stance of a handball player is a position on slightly bent legs, arms bent at the elbow joints at right angles to catch the ball, back straight, shoulders relaxed.

To move around the court, a handball player uses walking, running, stopping, and jumping.

Walking is normal and an additional step is used by a handball player to change positions. Players move with their faces, backs, and sides.

Running is the main means of moving a handball player. Running on toes and on full feet is used. Running on your toes allows you to make a jerk. Often in a game you have to change the direction of running. To do this, the handball player places his foot opposite the direction of the turn, with the foot slightly turned inward. Pushing off the support with his foot, he makes a turn.

Stopping is done by braking with one or two feet. To brake with one leg, the handball player sharply tilts his torso back, the stopper puts his straight leg forward with his foot turned inward and turns sideways. The other leg is strongly bent. Braking with both feet precedes the jump. When landing, you need to bend your legs strongly and distribute your body weight on both legs.

Jumping - used when catching high flying balls, passing the ball, throwing. When jumping from a running start, the pushing leg must be placed from heel to toe. With the other leg bent at the knee joint, the handball player swings forward and upward. The landing should be soft, which is achieved by the shock-absorbing movement of the legs apart.

When learning to move, it is necessary to study each technique separately and learn to combine techniques. It’s not worth studying one technique for a long time.

Running is studied in the following sequence: normal, with a change in direction (zigzag, with a turn, shuttle), with a change in speed (acceleration, jerks), a cross step, with various kinds of jumps, rhythmic and arrhythmic running.

Stopping is learned first by braking with one foot and then with both feet. Handball players stop at a signal first when walking quickly. Then when running slowly, and finally when performing jerks and accelerations.

The jump is studied first by pushing off with two legs, and then with one from the take-off point. It is necessary to pay attention to the correct positioning of the foot, to a soft, stable landing.

1. Acceleration to a certain landmark and return to the starting position.

2. Acceleration from the starting position lying down, sitting, taking any position.

3. Running over obstacles, pushing off with one or two legs.

4. Jumping alternating with running.

5. Run from one landmark to another, stopping at each one.

6. Running around obstacles.

7. Running while shifting various objects.

All these exercises can be carried out in the form of relay races.

Catching– this is a technique that provides the opportunity to take possession of the ball and carry out further actions with it.

In order to master the ball flying at the middle level (chest level), the handball player must extend his arms towards the ball, do not strain his hands and slightly turn his palms down, fingers spread freely. The abducted thumbs should almost touch, and the index fingers should be parallel. As soon as the ball approaches the required distance, the palms come together and the fingers clasp the ball. The arms must be bent to absorb the speed of the ball. When catching high flying balls and balls from a bounce, the thumbs of the hands need to be closer together than when catching straight balls. And when catching low-flying and rolling balls, the palms should be turned towards the ball so that the little fingers almost touch.

For all fishing methods it is necessary:

Look at the ball until you grab it with your hands.

Make a counter movement towards the ball.

Extend your arms towards the ball.

Keep your hands and fingers relaxed until they touch the ball.

Grab the ball with your fingers.

After grabbing the ball, bend your arms at the elbows.

7. Having caught the ball, be ready to cover it from a nearby opponent.

Before you start learning how to catch a ball from a partner, you need to do a number of training exercises to “get used to” the weight, shape, and elastic qualities of the ball:

1. Throw the ball in front of you and catch it.

2. Toss and catch the ball as it bounces off the floor.

3. Toss the ball with your left hand and catch it with your right and vice versa.

4. Passing the ball around the body.

5. Throw the ball over your head, behind your back, under your foot and catch it.

6. Toss two balls one by one and catch them.

7. Toss the ball, sit down, do a somersault and catch it.

8. Catching the ball with different projections: straight, overhead, from a rebound, to the side, above the head.

9. Catching the ball on the spot, while walking or running.

10. Catching the ball with various obstacles.

11. Catching a ball using an inclined trampoline.

Pay attention to the correct starting position when catching the ball, to a stable position when finishing catching the ball.

Broadcast- This is the main technique that ensures interaction between partners.

In handball, passes are made mainly with one hand from a place or from a run.

If the ball is passed from a place, then you should put your opposite foot forward. When passing the ball from a run, you are allowed to take no more than three steps, and one of them can be a cross.

The swing is the abduction of the hand with the ball for subsequent acceleration of the ball. The swing can be up - back, side - back, down - forward. Run-up and scope

They constitute the preparatory phase of the transfer.

In the main phase, the handball player communicates the speed and direction of the ball’s flight (accelerates the ball) in three ways:

A) with a hand – only the hand takes part in accelerating the ball. The ball is held with a finger grip.

B) push – the athlete, straightening his bent arm, pushes the ball in the desired direction. This method is used to pass the ball at close range.

C) whip - used to pass the ball over a long distance. In the main phase, the handball player, starting to accelerate the ball, first brings his shoulder forward, and then his forearm and hand, making a whip-like movement with his hand.

A bounce pass is a pass that uses the surface of the court.

It is important to send the ball to the floor so that it bounces to the level of the athlete’s waist.

Introductory exercises when learning to pass the ball.

Toss the ball from one hand to the other with your fingers;

Perform alternate swings up, down, to the side;

Simulate passing in different directions on the spot, walking, running.

You need to start training with a pass with a whip at the top; first from a standstill, then from three steps, pay attention to the starting position (left shoulder forward, foot at an angle of 45 degrees).

You should not linger long on improving gears while standing still. Once the basic movement is mastered, we begin to study transmission in motion. First, training takes place in easier conditions: students move at a pace, the speed of movement gradually increases, complications are introduced (stands, walls, targets), a moving partner, first a low-active defender appears, and then an active defender.

To organize exercises, various formations are used: in opposing columns, in ranks, in a circle, in a triangle, in a square, etc.

The players are lined up in two lines facing each other, a distance of 6-10m. Each player in one line has the ball and, at a signal, passes it to a partner.

Two partners with balls stand at a distance of 5-10 m facing each other. The third stands between them, catching the ball from one and passing it to the other. Player #2 in turn passes the ball to player #1.

Rice. 1 Passing the ball on the spot in threes

Two partners with balls stand facing each other on the river. 10-20 m. Between them in the middle there are two more with their backs to each other. On command, the end handball players release the balls facing them. They pass the ball back, run away from each other and catch the ball again.

Rice. 2 Passing the ball on the spot in fours

4. Players form a circle with a diameter of 10-20m. The ball is passed through the entire circle from one partner to another in no particular order. After passing the ball, the player runs to the place of the person to whom he passed the ball.

5. Building in columns at the corners of the triangle. Players pass the ball to the adjacent column and move after the ball or in the opposite direction.

6. Formation in columns at the corners of the square. Passing the ball diagonally, changing - along the opposing column.

Rice. 3 Passing the ball diagonally in opposing columns.

4. Two players move forward parallel to each other and pass the ball, the same in threes. Travel speed gradually increases

5. Passing the ball in motion in pairs with changing places.

Rice. 4 Passing the ball in motion in pairs with changing places.

Rice. 5 Passing the ball in threes with changing places

7. Players make passes between the posts, then the posts are replaced by low-active defenders, then by active ones.

8. Game “Fight for the ball”. The whole group is divided into two teams. One team has the ball, the other tries to take the ball away. Passing the ball is allowed. The teacher sets the remaining rules himself, depending on the preparedness of the group.

Dribbling- This is a technique that allows a player to move with the ball around the court in any direction and at any distance. Driving can be single-strike or multi-strike. A one-shot dribble is performed as follows: after catching the ball, the player takes three steps, then hits the ball on the court, having caught it, the handball player can again take three steps before passing it to a partner or throwing it at the goal. Multi-hit dribbling is carried out by successive pushes of the ball with the fingers of one hand. When performing multi-impact maneuvers, the following rules must be observed:

move on full feet, with slightly bent legs;

push the ball with your fingers;

do not stiffen your hand when in contact with the ball;

the rebound of the ball should be at waist level;

control the ball with your peripheral vision.

Learning single-strike dribbling is not difficult. The explanation of the display is sufficient. First, dribbling is done on the spot, then by walking, and finally by running.

Learning multi-hit dribbling begins with exercises on the spot. In this exercise, the correct position of the hand is mastered, the skill of soft successive pushes is developed, and a comfortable stance is acquired. Next, dribbling with various movements around the court is studied.

Driving, moving in steps with your face, back forward, sideways;

The same when moving while running;

Driving in a zigzag and around obstacles (posts, balls, benches);

Dribbling the ball with your eyes closed;

Driving with a change of pace (acceleration - stopping)

Guidance with change of direction (90, 180, 360 degrees)

Driving alternately with the left, with a pair of hands;

Dribbling two balls at the same time;

Dribbling two balls (one with feet, the other with hands);

Dribbling relays;

One dribbles the ball, the other knocks it out;

Both dribble the ball with their hands and pass the third ball with their feet to each other;

Everyone has a ball. Everyone does a multi-hit dribble. The driver also dribbles the ball. The one whom the driver insults takes his place.

Formation in two ranks. Everyone has a ball. Each player has a serial number. The coach calls the numbers. The players corresponding to the number run around their line while dribbling. The first one to arrive gets a point.

Throw – This is a technique that allows you to throw the ball into the goal. The throw can be performed in a standing position, in a fall, in a jump, from a standing position, or from a running start. The preparatory phase includes a run-up, a swing, and a jump. The main phase of the throw includes movements that impart the speed and direction of flight to the ball. Three methods of accelerating the ball are used: whip, push, hit.

When throwing in a supporting position, several methods of run-up are used. The last step in the run can be normal or stopping.

More often than others, a run-up with a cross step is used. The handball player takes the first step with his opposite foot. Next, moving his hand back to the swing, he takes the second step of the cross. With the placement of the opposite leg, a throw occurs. There is also a run-up with a jump and with an additional step.

In the main phase of the throw, the handball player sharply slows down the movements of the legs, pelvis, torso, and elbow, shifting the center of gravity to the front leg.

When the supporting leg, torso and hand with the ball approach the vertical, he straightens the supporting leg and tilts the torso forward, completing the acceleration of the ball and releasing it.

In the final phase of the throw, a step is taken with the back foot forward, the movement of the hand without the ball is slowed down, the handball player takes

Stable position.

The preparatory phase of a jump throw consists of several elements: run-up, upward swing of the leg, take-off, downward swing of the leg. The types of run-up are the same as in a throw from a support. Acceleration of the ball during a jump shot can be done in any way. The main thing is to ensure that the main acceleration of the ball occurs during the period of completion of the movement of the legs.

When throwing in a jump, when the repulsion is made with the same leg, after the push the handball player bends the pushing leg, raising the hip, and swings it back.

When attacking from the extreme left position, to increase the scoring angle, a throw is used with the body tilted to the right; when attacking from the right corner, a throw is used with the body tilted to the left.

A jump shot uses an overhand or sideways throw, as well as a push shot to create an overhead trajectory for the ball to throw the ball over the goalkeeper.

You need to start learning how to throw in a supporting position by mastering the main phase of accelerating the ball. First of all, the method of acceleration with a whip from above is studied. Starting position – left foot forward, right hand with the ball at the top, left shoulder forward. First, throws are made without a task, then guidelines are set for hitting the ball.

To master a running throw, first learn how to run and master the rhythm of steps. You can learn the rhythm of the clap run-up or, holding hands with the coach, repeat his steps.

Once the rhythm is mastered, it is necessary to clarify the length of the steps. To do this, you can use traces cut out of cardboard or rubber.

The next stage is the complete execution of a running throw in three steps. To clarify the elements of the entire movement system, introductory exercises are used.

Imitation of a run-up and the start of a throw with shock-absorbing rubber, one end of which is in the hand, and the other is held by a trainer who helps correct the position of the arms, legs, and torso;

Throwing a medicine ball with two hands from above;

Throwing a ball suspended on a cord;

Throwing sticks 40-70 cm, playing small towns;

Throws at various “windows” with the obligatory hit on a specific target;

Relay races including various types of throws for distance and accuracy;

When the basics of the technique have been studied, we begin to master the variants of the preparatory phase of the throw:

From a run after dribbling the ball;

Running after catching the ball;

From a running start at an angle to the direction of the throw;

With different ways of running.

Shots into a goal protected by a goalkeeper;

Introduction of a low-active, then active defender (blocking);

Game exercises (pass - throw);

Exercise with various tasks for accuracy, speed in getting ahead of the defender, goalkeeper;

Throws in the game.

You need to start learning a jump throw by simulating the entire movement on the spot. It is important to achieve synchronous movement of the arm and swing leg. Next, you learn how to run up and push off with one leg and land on the same leg. To do this, you can use markings on the floor, a “groove” that you can jump over. The next stage is the complete execution of the jump throw. In this case, leading exercises are used using a gymnastic bridge and bench.

The throw is performed from a running start, the take-off is performed from the bench (bridge). For insurance, you need to place mats at the landing site;

When making a throw from the floor, the handball player lands on the bench. You need to land on two feet;

Throws over obstacles of various heights (volleyball net, portable goal).

Once the “school” of throwing has been mastered, you can begin to learn variations of the preparatory phase of the throw:

From a straight run and at different angles to the goal (45 0; 90 0);

From various distances; - pushing with the same foot;

With passive and active defender;

The defender positions himself opposite the attackers. All forwards have possession of the ball. At the coach's signal, the attackers make throws into the goal protected by the goalkeeper. The defender tries to block the shot.

Rice. 6 Throws over a blocking defender

One group (B) of players is located in the position of the left welterweight at a distance of 10-12 m from the goal. The second group (A) is in the position of the right corner at a distance of 6 m from the goal. Group B players throw in support; Group A players are jumping. The goalkeeper takes one shot at a time.

Rice. 7 Throws from the positions of the middle and extreme players alternately

The players are lined up in a column. One after another, they dribble around the four posts and, after the pass, shoot at the goal. The defender blocks shots.

Rice. 8 Shots into the goal after dribbling the posts

Rice. 8(a) Shots into goal after a pass from the goalkeeper

The player receives a pass from the goalkeeper, dribbles towards the opposite goal and makes a jump shot (Fig. 8a). Also, only the player receives a pass from his partner and becomes a defender, and his partner becomes an attacker (Fig. 9).

Rice. 9 Throws into the goal over a defender after a pass from a partner

2.b Methodology for teaching defense techniques

The main objectives of the game in defense are to defend one’s goal using permitted means and to gain possession of the ball. All of these techniques can be performed more successfully if you master the defender's stance. The main stance of the defender is a position with legs bent at an angle of 160-170 and spaced 20-40 cm apart. The back is not tense, the arms are bent at the elbow joint at a right angle. A stance with significantly bent legs is used in a situation of direct combat with an attacker. The defender also uses walking and side-stepping, as well as fast walking with small side-steps. The torso should not sway. Jumping is used when blocking, tackling, and intercepting the ball. In the defender's technique, jumping forward and to the sides, used to quickly overcome the distance between the defender and the attacker, acquires particular importance.

Learning the technique of moving a defender begins with mastering a stance on bent legs. To study movements in a standing position on bent legs, exercises are performed at a low pace, changing direction occurs at the teacher’s signal. Mastering movements on significantly bent legs requires the need to move at a high pace and have direct contact with the opponent.

Walking and running left - right, forward - back in a standing position.

Shuttle and zigzag movement with the face and back;

Game "Tag" facing each other. Shooting is only allowed in the back.

Exercise in pairs. The player, abruptly changing direction, moves left, then right, then forward, then back. The partner, standing at a distance of 2-4 m facing him, tries to maintain the specified distance.

Exercise in triplets. Two attackers are trying to slip past the defender unprotected along the edges of the corridor 3-5 m.

The attackers are positioned in two columns behind the 9-meter line, facing the goal at a distance of 2-6 m, pass the ball to the adjacent column and go to the end of their own. The defenders (there are 3 of them) move one after another in a kind of figure eight. They must have time to make an exit from the 6-meter line to the player with the ball, touch him, step back, but to a position opposite another column. This is followed by an exit to the player with the ball of another column (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10 Group interactions in defense

Techniques to counter possession of the ball.

Blocking- This is an obstruction of the path of the ball or attacking player. Blocking the ball is done with one or two hands from above, from the side, from below. Having determined the direction of the throw, the defender quickly straightens his arms, blocking the path of the ball. The hands must be tense at the moment of contact with the ball: to avoid injury, the fingers must be closed. Blocking can be done in a jump and in a support - mobile blocking. Fixed blocking is blocking a player with or without the ball. As the attacker swings, the defender raises one arm up. You need to position yourself exactly in front of the attacker so as not to give him the opportunity to move to the side. When blocking a player without the ball, the defender's arms should be close to his body.

Knockout– This is a technique that allows you to interrupt the dribble. It is performed with one hand when the ball is between the attacker's hand and the floor.

Learning to block begins with quickly extending (straightening) your arms. The teacher gives a command and indicates the direction. A handball player blocks an imaginary ball. Next are the exercises directly with the ball.

The attacker imitates a throw into the goal from the side, from below, facing the defender, and he reacts by straightening his arms.

The attacker throws the ball in a predetermined direction from the defender, gradually increasing the force of the throw. The defender blocks the shot.

The defender, standing with his back to the wall, tries to block the ball sent into the designated goal, a distance of 2-3 m.

The players are lined up in two columns and shoot at the goal alternately from one and the other column. Two defenders block shots, moving from one column to another.

Rice. 11 Shots on goal in two columns through blocking defenders

In a corridor 2-3m wide, the defender tries to block the attacker, whose task is to get around the defender with the help of deceptive movements. The exercise is performed with and without a ball.

The group is divided into two teams. The defenders, positioned along the goalkeeper's area, block attackers who are trying to break through the 6-meter line (without the ball). Defenders can be instructed to keep their hands behind their backs.

2.c Methodology for teaching goalkeeper playing technique

The entire goalkeeper's playing technique is divided into defensive and offensive techniques.

The main goalkeeper stance is a position on legs slightly bent at an angle of 160-170, spaced 20-30 cm apart. The weight of the body should be evenly distributed on both legs with support on the front of the foot, arms spread to the sides and slightly bent, palms facing forward . The straight-legged stance is used when reflecting balls thrown from extreme positions. The body is in an upright position. The arm closest to the bar is raised up, the far bent arm is moved to the side. Leg right next to the bar.

The goalkeeper applies walking an additional step to select a position. If the ball is played away from the zone, the goalkeeper moves, taking a wide step to the side. If there is a real threat to the goal, you need to move with short side steps, trying to take a two-support position as quickly as possible.

Jumping The goalkeeper pushes with one or two feet. Most often these are jumps to the sides without preparatory movements from the stance. Most often, he takes only one step before jumping. A fall- not the goalkeeper’s main way of moving, but in difficult game situations he uses this technique.

Holding the ball- This is a technique that allows the goalkeeper to change the direction of the ball flying into the goal after a throw by the attacker. The goalkeeper hits balls flying at knee level and below with his feet; those flying at the goalkeeper with his body; in other cases, he defends them with his hands.

If the ball goes straight to the goalkeeper's feet, he sharply closes his feet, making a leap of up to 1 m forward. You can hold the ball with one foot: 1) with a swing - when the ball flies at knee level: 2) with a lunge - when the ball flies into the corner of the goal. In this case, the goalkeeper places his shin almost perpendicular to the court. The foot is turned towards the direction of the ball. Use one hand to protect the ball from bouncing off your foot; 3) “split” – the ball is deflected with an outstretched leg, or with support on the knee of the pushing leg.

You can hold the ball with both hands from above and below. The goalkeeper blocks the path of the ball with closed hands and palms facing forward.

You can hold the ball with one hand in place or while moving. Most often with a jump to the side perpendicular to the direction of the ball's flight. Pushing off with one leg, you need to swing with the other. Coordinating the push of one and the swing of the other helps to successfully stop the ball flying into the top corner.

When stopping a ball flying along a lobbed path, the goalkeeper quickly turns 90 0, takes a wide step behind the flying ball and jumps to hit the ball with one hand. Stepping back is irrational.

When training a goalkeeper, it is necessary to use protective equipment: a thick suit, gloves, shin guards, knee pads, “shells”. Movement training begins outside the gate. At the teacher’s command, students move, changing direction and maintaining a stance on bent legs. Further, he performs the same techniques in goal. The goalkeeper's jumping technique is mastered in simulated exercises of hitting a ball flying into the upper corners of the goal. Counter training begins with the method of holding the ball with one and two hands, then with one and two legs of straight and close balls (lunge, jump), and only after that they begin to master complex methods of holding long, low, and medium balls (splits, swing) .

When reflecting the ball with your hand, it is very important to tense your muscles when in contact with the ball; there should be counter extension of the arms at the elbow joint.

Simulation of holding a ball flying at different levels;

The coach throws the ball lightly onto his outstretched arm. Hold the ball by straining your arm.

Hit the ball in a jump when throwing the ball above your head;

When throwing the ball away from the goalkeeper (1-1.5 m), take the ball in your hand, taking a step to the side;

When defending the goal with your feet, it is important to teach the novice goalkeeper to turn his leg with the inner surface of the foot and shin towards the flying ball.

Walk back and forth, feet turned outward in one line.

Walking with an extended step, feet turned out.

Jumping in place from foot to foot, throwing the leg forward, feet turned out.

Playing a ball against a wall with the inner surface of the ankle joint.

Passing the ball to a partner using the inside of the leg.

Holding the ball flying between the legs, connecting the legs with the feet turned outward.

Detaining a ball hit with a rebound from the court.

In exercises teaching how to hold the ball with a swing, pay attention to the whip-like movement of the leg.

1. Walking left - right, whip-like, “throwing out” the leg;

2. Alternate swings of legs left - right;

3. Swings in movement;

4. Imitation of holding the ball by swinging the leg for each step, moving left - right;

5. Reaching a suspended ball with your foot, simulating holding the ball with a swing;

6. Holding the ball thrown by the coach at knee level at hip level.

Walking lunges forward;

A sharp lunge to the side, placing the foot exactly at a certain mark;

Detaining the ball by lunging a ball flying below the knee (up to 1m);

Detaining a ball thrown with force in any direction from the goalkeeper;

“Twine” for stretching;

From a half-squat, with a whip-like movement, straighten your leg to the side and place it on your heel;

Hold the ball in the "splits" flying from either side of the goalkeeper.

3. Error correction technique

Even modern methods and teaching aids do not allow us to completely avoid mistakes when mastering movement techniques. The work of a trainer in identifying and eliminating errors cannot be replaced by any technical means. The choice of methodological measures depends on the cause of the errors and how ingrained they are. Errors can occur for various reasons. For example, a handball player has a wrong idea about movement, etc. Sometimes skills in a similar movement have a negative impact on mastering the movement being studied. A lack of development of motor abilities or an injury received during an exercise can also cause an error. It’s good if the erroneous execution is noticed in time and the movement is immediately corrected. Late recognition of incorrect execution of a movement leads to persistent errors. The reasons may be the following:

The student studied not the most rational technique for solving a motor problem;

Did not stabilize the technique in conditions close to competitive ones;

During the learning process, he received information only about the results of incorrect execution, and not about deviations from the parameters that provide an appropriate solution to the motor task;

The student has unfavorable anatomical prerequisites for mastering the required technique;

Before the start of training, strength qualities were not sufficiently developed, so to compensate, extra muscle groups were involved or auxiliary movements were performed that were not necessary.

To correct errors in technique, it is necessary to establish the cause of the error, eliminate it, and only then develop a new motor skill in the handball player.

It is much more difficult to correct long-standing mistakes, which sometimes become a hindrance to further improvement of skills. It takes a long time to destroy an old skill and form a new one.

To fix the error you need to:

Creating a clear understanding of the handball player’s movement technique;

Comparison of erroneous and correct movements using verbal explanation, demonstration, viewing of a drawing, film recording, filmogram, dinogram, etc.

Directed feeling of movements. For this purpose, you can deliberately increase or decrease the amplitude, the time for performing the details of the movement, and use leading exercises that selectively affect the necessary components of the movement. Create conditions in which incorrect execution of a movement is impossible.

A great effect in correcting errors is provided by targeted observation of those engaged in the exercise by their comrades. All players watch their friend perform the move and then give a rating.

4. Technical training methods

In the technical training of a handball player, methods are used that make it possible to effectively influence all aspects of sports and technical skill. Methods of technical training include: verbal, visual and exercise methods.

Verbal methods. They are used during practical classes in the form of explanations, instructions, assessments, and “self-pronunciation.” It is important, by communicating memorable details of the execution technique, identifying errors, to lead them to independent conclusions, analysis of their movements and analysis of the causes of errors.

Visual methods. Demonstration of visual aids is an effective method of improving the technical skills of a handball player. Viewing and analysis of drawings, photographs, cinemagrams, films give an idea of ​​the individual phases of movement. Watching movies and video tape recordings allows you to reproduce the movement in dynamics with a slow pace of execution and highlighting individual positions for analysis (freeze frames).

Exercise methods. Method of directed “feeling” of movement. In the process of mastering the technique of playing techniques, muscle sensations are refined and become leading in the general complex of sensations that make up the sensorimotor basis of motor skills. To speed up and clarify the formation of the necessary skill, special devices are used that forcefully set the required parameters of movements and thereby allow you to feel them, for example:

To secure the position of the protective stance, the handball player is wearing a belt with traction bars to the feet. With such a device you can move around and, by changing the length of the rods, adjust the degree of bending of the legs.

To develop a skill or correct a mistake when throwing from above or from the side, throw a small load along a guide wire fixed at different heights.

To straighten the arm when throwing, all kinds of restraints (cuffs) are put on the elbow joint, or the task is given to touch an object, the net of a basketball hoop, the fringe of a suspension at a certain height, etc., when releasing the ball.

To develop the skill of sending the ball along an upward trajectory, throw the ball from a distance of 6-7 m under the restrictive cord at waist level with the task of hitting the top of the goal.

The orientation method involves introducing object and other landmarks into the action environment. At the same time, it is very important to require the student to perform the task accurately (location in relation to the landmark, direction of movement, hitting the landmark with the ball, etc.)

For the attacker, reference points can be: in the goal (a stretched cord, a gymnastic bench laid across, hanging targets); goalkeeper area (near the goal there are marks where to hit the ball, or guidelines for the goalkeeper when choosing a position in the goal); on the markings of the court to indicate the range and angle of the throw4 directly at the place where the technique is performed (models of the defender, post, wall, etc.).

Using the orientation method, you can purposefully influence various components of movement. For example, when hitting a bench placed along the goal or the space between the bench and a stretched cord, the skill of throwing from the side with a sliding rebound is developed.

When using landmarks, a visual image of movement is created, which must constantly be compared with motor sensations.

To increase motor sensitivity, you can eliminate the participation of vision in controlling movements. For example, throw at a landmark with your eyes closed. In this case, the result of the hit must be controlled by vision. Or dribble the ball with your eyes closed, as if placing increased demands on muscle sense. These techniques significantly improve the accuracy of movements under normal conditions. It is possible to use exercises without the participation of vision, focusing on muscle sensations, if the possibility of injury is excluded.

The reference point can be a partner or an opposing player. Improving transmission occurs when focusing on the various movements of partners. Improving a throw is impossible without focusing on the response actions of the goalkeeper and defender, and improving the technique of a defender is impossible without focusing on the actions of the attacker. When performing exercises with a “live” reference point, the tasks should be as specific as with a subject one. For example, passing the ball to a partner exactly into the hands or with some advance, etc.

Leadership method. The game activity of a handball player takes place in constant combat with the enemy, and this forces him to perform technical techniques under conditions of extreme mental and physical stress. To bring the conditions for mastering a technique closer to competitive conditions, the method of leading is used. The point of the method is to use an external factor during the exercises, which would stimulate and guide the student, encourage him to act faster, more accurately, more reliably, and as a result, more economically. Such a leading stimulus for a handball player can be a partner, a ball, and various exercise equipment. Improvement of techniques must take place in contact with a partner, who, through his actions, sets the pace of movement, the speed of movement (catch up, overtake), sets a task (take away, stop, block), and forces the use of one or another technique. Therefore, due attention must be paid to selecting a partner so that joint work brings positive results.

All actions of a handball player in the game are aimed at mastering the ball and then throwing it into the goal. Therefore, the ball should be the main stimulus-leader in training to improve technique. Slow and aimless throwing of the ball cannot serve to improve skill. Only exercises organized in such a way that the flying ball forces the student to overcome internal and external resistance contribute to a constant increase in the quality of performance of playing techniques.

Such effects of the ball can be ensured by clear and specific tasks from the coach and the use of training devices, for example, trampolines, which give a different bounce of the ball, and “guns” that throw the ball at different distances and at different speeds.

Urgent information method. In the process of technical training, it is important that the process of developing technique is subject to analysis, evaluation and detailed control of the execution of movements. The leading role in correction, as a rule, belongs to the coach. He comments on the student’s activities and makes comments. The success of a handball player’s technical preparedness depends on self-esteem, on the ability to timely and accurately assess the spatial, temporal and power parameters of movements during the exercise. It is important to verify subjective assessments with accurate information. Particularly great control possibilities are provided by hardware methods of urgent information about the parameters of movements and the results of actions.

A handball player can receive urgent information about the correct movements directly during training using the “inclined trampoline” simulator. A handball player must be able to send the ball to the target with a certain amount of effort in each situation. The player cannot control the effort when passing to a partner. His skill is assessed by the partner to whom the ball is addressed. And the trampoline immediately provides information. If the ball is sent inaccurately, it is difficult and sometimes impossible to catch it again.

Using the trampoline's ability to reflect the ball at an angle equal to the angle of impact, the athlete must program his movement.

The "inclined trampoline" simulator provides immediate information directly during the execution of the movement on the result of the flight of the ball and thereby corrects muscle efforts and promotes the accuracy of ball passing.

Variation methods. Strictly regulated variation involves performing tasks that require the ability to change individual parameters of movements, as well as their connections and forms of coordination within a precisely defined framework, for example, performing a technique from various starting positions, in various combinations with other techniques, with different dosed amounts of muscle effort, with overcoming precisely conditioned opposition from the partner. Basically, all methods of technical training are aimed at improving the accuracy of movements.

The accuracy of a throw and pass is influenced by the handball player’s ability to reproduce previously mastered spatial and power characteristics of movements, the ability to correctly determine the direction and distance to a partner or to the goal. The training uses special exercises with varying distances when passing the ball and throwing shots into the goal. In this case, three methods are used: “point”, “contrasting tasks”, “converging tasks”.

With the “point” method, throws during passes are made from a constant place. But at the same time, various tasks are possible regarding the method of performing the technique: restrictions on the size of the goal, the height of the pass, the trajectory of the ball.

With the method of “bringing together tasks”, they proceed from contrasting differentiations of efforts, making passes and throws alternately from very far and very close distances, gradually bringing the points closer together.

With the “contrasting tasks” method, a throw from the main position (point) alternates with a throw from a long distance, from a short distance or from another position.

The weight of the ball can be varied. There is evidence that throwing balls weighing up to 3 kg does not distort the kinematic characteristics of the throw in highly qualified handball players. In the training of handball players, the alternation of a men's handball, a lighter women's handball and a medicine ball weighing 1 kg is most often used.

You can vary the conditions for making a throw using different settings. To control the throwing time, settings are given for advance, when the amplitude of the entire movement is reduced, and tightening.

To increase the speed of the ball or the accuracy of the throw, settings are given for strength and accuracy. The speed of the ball varies with different settings. The smaller this difference, the higher the player's sportsmanship.

In training a handball player, simulators, devices, devices and equipment are used that allow purposeful variation of the exercise. For example, the use of an “inclined trampoline” simulator will allow you to perform throw processing. By placing the simulators in different positions near the goalkeeper's area, you can get the ball to bounce with any trajectory and any force. You can train on your own, without a partner, by changing the conditions.

Tasks for additional study for the section “Game Techniques”

Conduct an analysis of the handball training session and determine: the correct selection of leading and special exercises for solving problems, dosage, age-appropriate level of preparedness of students, methods, organization, methods and methodological techniques.

List the basic rules necessary for a player when catching the ball and the main types of passes in handball, as well as the most common mistakes when catching and passing the ball.

List the basic rules that must be followed when dribbling the ball with multiple shots. Graphically depict several exercises used in teaching dribbling.

List the types of throws in handball, phases, and the most common mistakes encountered when learning a jump throw.

Select exercises for training and improving goal shooting, depict graphically

List the techniques used in training to counter possession of the ball. Types of blocking, lead-ins and special exercises used in teaching individual defensive actions.

List the techniques used by the goalkeeper when stopping the ball. Suggest several exercises used in teaching goalkeeper technique, depict graphically.

List the methods of technical training. Offer 2 exercises using the directed and feeling movement method, 2 exercises using the orienting method, 2 exercises using the leading method, 2 exercises using the variation method.

9. Observe a lesson or training session in handball and identify the most common errors in performing various technical techniques in attack and defense. List the types of feints with and without the ball, graphically depict a feint with accompaniment.

6 . Methodology for teaching tactical interactions in handball

Tactics- these are expedient, coordinated actions of team players in the fight against the enemy, aimed at achieving victory.

Tactics are divided into field player tactics and goalkeeper tactics. There are tactics of attack and defense. Each of these sections contains several groups, characterized by the number of active players. These are individual, group and team activities.

Individual actions– these are independent actions of the player, carried out without the direct help of partners.

Group Actions– these are interactions between two or three players aimed at solving a team task.

Team Actions– these are the interactions of all team players, expressed in the game system. The game system is an organization of interaction between players, in which the functions of each player are determined and the placement of players on the court is determined.

Learning group and team actions has the following sequence:

1) story and display on a diagram, layout;

2) learning the action plan directly on the site;

3) the same with a passive defender;

4) the same with an active defender;

5) the same in a competitive form;

6) consolidation in a two-way game.

Training in group actions must be built on the basis of introductory orientation exercises. Such exercises can include passing the ball between partners while simultaneously changing formations in different directions, both following the ball and in the opposite direction with one or two balls.

6.a Methods of teaching attack tactics.

a) individual actions:

Application of guidance: you should start dribbling by setting yourself a specific task: 1) dribble around the defender and attack the goal; 2) force several defenders to guard you and then give the ball to an open partner. You should not dribble the ball if there is an open partner in front. The ball must be dribbled with the hand farthest from the guarding player.

1. The exercise is performed in threes. The two outside players dribble as they move forward. The third player attacks each of them in turn. The player in possession of the ball dribbles past the attacker using a low dribble.

2. Players in pairs. One of the players is in possession of the ball. Dribbling the ball with resistance from partners.

3. The same, using a throw into the goal.

4. Players in a column, one at a time, move around the court at an average pace. Each of them has the ball. The player who closes the column, using a “snake” dribble, circles all the players running in front. Players use their arms and body to prevent their partner from completing this task.

5. In the center of the court there are two handball players without a ball. The remaining players, in possession of the balls, take their starting position on the front line. At the coach's signal, dribblers move to the opposite end line. The task of the two players in the center is to “tarnish the greatest number of players with the ball.

Transfer application : When passing the ball, it is necessary to take into account the position of the partner, the speed and direction of his movement, and the proximity of the guarding player. The choice of method of passing the ball depends on these factors. Transfers can be open or hidden. From a tactical point of view, passing is a means that unites handball players into a single system of actions, so it is first necessary to formulate the concept of more rational ways of passing the ball with different positions of partners (incoming, counter, accompanying passes). Exercises of this type include various types of changes during transmission. The next task in learning the tactics of using passes will be mastering the hidden pass. To do this, interference is introduced into the exercises, first the stances, then the defender (passive, then active). First, the attackers act in the majority (two against one; three against two), then in equal strengths. Students must learn that they cannot pass the ball to a partner if the opponent is on an imaginary line between them. You need to look for a position so that he is outside this line between them. You need to look for a position so that he is outside this line and preferably closer to the betraying player.

1. Players line up in two lines. Player #2 starts passing the ball. The direction of transmission corresponds to Figure 12.

Rice. 12 Team actions in attack (eight)

2. Two players are located at the goalkeeper’s area line in the center of the goal at a distance of 4-5 m with their backs to the goal. Everyone has a ball. Two groups “A” and “B” are located on the sidelines facing the defenders. The player of subgroup “A”, moving along the free throw line, receives the ball from player No. 1, continues to move forward and passes the ball back to player No. 2. Players in column “B” do the same (Fig. 13)

3. The same as exercise 2, but between two players No. 1 and No. 2 there is another one, which prevents an accurate pass.

Rice. 13 Group actions with change of corner players

4. Players are in five columns. Passing the ball along the “star” with two balls:

a) changing players in their columns;

b) in a circle to the left or to the right;

c) in the direction of passing the ball.

Rice. 14 Passing the ball on a star with two balls

Throw application: Throwing tactics are taught in the following sequence:

1) beating the goalkeeper in single combat, where the attacker must use the most vulnerable places in the goalkeeper’s defense (over the head, corners of the goal, at the level of the pelvis) from certain playing positions (from midfield, from the corner, from the line);

2. In a single combat with a defender, use various throwing options (with a tilt of the body, from the side, from below) and disguise your actions with deceptive movements (showing from above - throwing from below), etc.

First, throws are made into an empty goal with the task of beating the opponent, then throws are made at targets that must be hit while beating the defender.

3. Beating the goalkeeper and defender at the same time. Throws are made by beating the defender into the goal, which is protected by the goalkeeper.

1. The defender positions himself opposite the attackers. All forwards have possession of the ball. At the coach’s signal, the attackers shoot into the goal at a predetermined location. The defender blocks shots.

2. Two defenders are positioned in front of the posts. The attackers in two columns are located at 11-12m. A coach stands in the middle of the court, with balls lying nearby. The attacker performs a counter pass while moving; after the pass, they go to the end of the opposite column. The defender must make an exit up to 10m. If the defender does not have time, the attacker makes a shot at goal. In this case, the coach must pass the spare ball to the attacker in time to maintain a high tempo of the exercise. The defender, returning to the 6th, must run around the post.

Rice. 15 Shots on goal with a defender using the flow method

The use of feints.

Feints – these are deceptive movements, where the first movement is false, the next one is true. Feints can be used with or without the ball. Without the ball, the player uses a moving feint to open himself up to receive the ball. With the ball, passing feints are used (show a pass in one direction - pass in the other); throw (showing throw up – throw down, etc.); moving (showing in one direction - leaving in the other).

Feints are taught in exercises involving martial arts. First, training involves beating a passive defender, then you can include an active defender in the exercise so that the attacker’s choice of action is dictated by his behavior. Improvement of feints continues in group interactions. In this case, exercises must be selected so that the handball player can use a feint in various situations. For example: 1) the attacker has the ball, uses a feint, moves away from the defender and makes a throw into the goal. 2) the attacker does not have the ball, uses a feint, makes a move, receives the ball and shoots.

b) group actions

Exercise for studying parallel interaction: students are located in a column one at a time at a distance of 15-20m from the gate. There are two players ahead on the right and left at a distance of 2 and 5 m from the column. The first in the column alternately passes the ball to those in front, catches it and throws it, then a passive and then an active defender is introduced, whom he must feint before catching the ball. Cross interaction is studied in a flow exercise. The players are lined up in three columns. Players in the left column receive the ball from a player in the center column and pass to the right column. All players come to the column where they pass the ball.

Fig 16 Cross interaction in triplets

Screening drill:

The coach becomes the center of interaction. He becomes a protector. Players from the left column pass the ball to the right column and set a screen for the coach. The players in the right column, after a feint, pass by the screener and shoot at the goal.

Fig. 17 shots into the goal after a screen with accompaniment

c) Team actions in attack.

Team actions are divided into two types: fast break and positional attack.

The fast break is a form of team action against disparate defenders. Possible when intercepting the ball, quickly throwing the ball in by the goalkeeper or player.

Rice. 18 Quick break after a pass from the goalkeeper, from a partner

Fast break organized by the goalkeeper. Positional attack is a type of team action against an organized defense. There are two attack systems: 4:2; 3:3.

Rice. 19 Game system 3:3

Rice. 20 C game system 4:2

When teaching positional attack, students learn the concepts of the placement of players on the court, the functions of point guards, linemen, midfielders, and corners. Based on group interactions, individual combinations are developed for specific performers. Moreover, handball players are first introduced to the entire scheme of combinations, then individual links are clarified and all the players are brought together again.

When composing combinations, the coach must rely on knowledge of the principles of team actions: 1) the principle of creating a numerical advantage; 2) the principle of diversity of actions; 3) the principle of maintaining gaming discipline; 4) the principle of mutual assistance.

Learning to break fast begins with mastering the breakaway. First, handball players perform exercises without resistance, mastering interaction with a partner and goalkeeper. Next, the opponent is introduced into the exercise.

For example: two teams are playing on the same side of the field. The attacking team players, at the coach’s signal, give the ball to the goalkeeper and run to the defense. The goalkeeper is looking for a pass to teammates running into the gap. Having received a pass from the goalkeeper, they pass the entire court, trying to score the ball into the goal before the defenders take their positions. An approximate combination for a positional attack: player 7 passes the ball to player 8, who, having taken possession of the ball, quickly moves diagonally to the right forward towards the goal. At this moment, player 6 moves forward to the left and lets player 8 pass (cross movement), receives the ball from him and moves towards the goal. Players 7 and 4 cut off the defenders. Player 6, depending on the situation, either shoots himself or gives the ball to players 4 and 7.

Rice. 21 Fast Break After Cross Move

6.b Methodology for teaching defense tactics.

Individual actions.

When using blocking, the defender must be able to: 1) distinguish a true throw from a feint with a throw, 2) determine the method of the throw, 3) take the correct position in front of the attacker. To solve these problems, it is necessary to select exercises in which the defender must react to throws in different ways (from above, from the side, from below), from different distances to the defender, using different swings. First, the choice of flight direction is limited to a specific task for the attacker, and then the defender has to block the ball after the attacker’s arbitrary throws. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of the attacker's throw.

Marking a player with and without the ball is the individual actions of a defender aimed at placing the person being guarded in a convenient position to receive the ball, as well as to make a shot at goal. To do this, he uses such technical techniques as interception, exit, blocking, feints (moving, blocking).

Education Individual tactical actions begin with the study of defense techniques. Moreover, when explaining, special attention should be paid to the choice of place relative to the attacker and the moment the action begins. Training should always take place in single combat with an attacker who is given specific tasks.

1. Forwards move towards the free throw line and simulate jump shots into the goal. The defender alternates between blocking and stepping forward to mark.

2. Players in the defender's stance move towards the six-meter line, 5-6 balls lie on the free throw line. Players, when stepping forward, touch the ball and return back.

3. The attacker with the ball simulates throwing the ball into the goal. One of the two defenders comes forward and closely guards, the second takes his place and blocks. The defenders change functions.

4. Counter passing of the ball, formation in two or four columns. Having completed the counter pass, the player performs the function of a defender and subsequently moves into the counter column.

5. Players are located in three columns. Column I players are in possession of the ball. The player in column I passes the ball to the player in column II and becomes the last player in this column. The player in column II, having received the ball, performs a direct attack with the ball and makes a throw into the goal, after which he takes the place of the last player in column III. The player in column III takes the position of a neutral defender and blocks the ball at the moment of the throw, after which he takes the place of the final defender in column I.

Rice. 22 shots on goal after cross-play

6. The attackers are located in two columns, opposite column II is the defender. Column II attackers pass the ball to Column I, who quickly moves along the free throw line. Having received the ball, the player dribbles past the defender in any direction and throws the ball into the goal. The defender tries not to miss the player. The exercise is performed to the right and left of the gate (Fig. 23).

Rice. 23 Shots on goal after a pass through a defender

7. The exercise is performed in pairs. The attacker dribbles the ball. The defender is positioned at a distance of 2-3 m from the attacker and, using quick moves forward, tries to knock the ball away from the attacker.

8. Counter pass of the ball. At the moment player number 1 receives the ball, his partner number 2 tries to make a dash from behind and intercept the ball.

9. The defender positions himself opposite the attackers. All forwards have possession of the ball. At the coach's signal, the attackers perform throws into the goal. The defender tries to block.

10. Same as exercise 9. After throwing the ball into the goal, the defender and the attacker enter into combat for the rebounded ball.

Group Actions:

Group actions in defense are hedging, switching, sliding.

Safety net- This is a type of group action in which each defender is constantly ready to help his partner. Used for guarding and blocking.

Switching- This is a type of group action in which defenders exchange their wards. Switching can be done with the oncoming and cross movement of the attackers. It is carried out at the moment when the attackers are level with each other.

Slippage- This is a type of group action that allows defenders to avoid screens and collisions with each other during guarding. It is used more often in personal and mixed defense. When using slippage, it is necessary to give the advantage of passage:

1) to the partner guarding the player with the ball;

2) to a partner moving in the direction of the ball;

3) the player who has personal custody.

Education group tactical actions of defense begin together with the study of group actions of attack.

All training is based on countering attackers. When it is necessary to clarify any group action of the defense, it is necessary that the attackers perform only that action that forces the defenders to use a specific countermeasure. To study, for example, switching, attackers can perform a screen, cross interaction; to be on the safe side, parallel actions; for slippage – personal guardianship. Training begins with the joint action of two players, and then three or more.

1. Formation of defenders 4:0. The forwards are on the left in the corner of the court, each with a ball. The forwards move along the free throw line. The defenders take turns meeting the attacker, closely guarding him and “handing him over” to their partner.

Rice. 24 Group interactions in defense (switching)

2. Formation of defenders 4:0. Attackers in two columns. Forwards 1 perform a direct attack without the ball, trying to prevent defender 1 from going forward. Forwards number 2 perform a direct attack with the balls on the goal, followed by an imitation of a throw. Defenders 1, entering into single combat with attackers without the ball, bypass them and prevent the players with the ball from performing attacking actions.

Fig. 25 Shots on goal in pairs, beating the defender

3. The players are arranged in three ranks and alternately actively perform the functions of defenders and attackers.

Fig. 26 Team actions (playing in threes)

4. Four defenders oppose six attackers who are trying to throw the ball into the goal.

5. The attackers are lined up in two columns on the left (the extreme position) and on the right (the welterweight position). Two defenders at the goalkeeper's line. The winger moves along the free throw line, simulating an attack on the goal. The welterweight moves around and, having received a hidden pass, throws the ball into the goal. Defenders, controlling the actions of the first attacker, must switch in a timely manner and actively counteract the attacker.

6. Two forwards are located near the goalkeeper’s area in the left and right half-middle positions. Two defenders guard two linemen. Forward 7 makes a direct attack towards defender A. At this time, forward 2 screens defender A. Forward 7, using the screen, goes around the defender and passes the ball to forward 3, who, moving along the line, makes a pass to forward 5, who performs the same actions , as attacker 7. Forward 3 takes the place of attacker 6. The defenders must free themselves from the screen.

Rice. 27 Combination with two linemen

Team Actions:

Team actions in defense are divided into 3 types: personal, zone and mixed defense.

Personal protection- This is a type of team action in which each defender takes care of his attacker. It can be organized with or without switching defenders. Personal defense is used in the following cases: 1) a player on the opposing team is removed; 2) it is necessary to break the usual attack tactics; 3) the enemy is less prepared physically; 4) you need to quickly take possession of the ball.

Zone defense - This is a type of team action in which each defender is responsible for a certain part of the court area. Zone defense can be organized in several ways:

Protection system 6:0. All defenders are positioned along the goalkeeper's court line and move towards the ball.

Rice. 28 Protection system 6:0

If the attacker makes an attack on the goal, then the defender opposite him comes out and guards him, trying to block the ball. Partners on the left and right back him up.

5:1 protection system. Five defenders are located at the 6-meter line, and one is at the 9-meter line. His task is to prevent the free play of the ball in the center. The remaining partners operate according to the 6:0 principle without exit.

Rice. 29 5:1 protection system

4:2 protection system. Four defenders are positioned along the 6m, and two are located in front on the 9th. Their task is to prevent long-range shots and breakthroughs through the center.

Rice. 30 4:2 protection system

This defensive system is used against a team that has two strong, good-shooting, but not very mobile scorers.

3:3 protection system. This system consists of two lines, each with three players. One triple is located at 6m, the other at 9m. The players' task is to prevent shots from the center and welterweights. The full-backs cover the center, so this defense is most vulnerable from the flanks.

Rice. 31 3:3 protection system

Mixed defense – this is a type of team action in which some players perform the functions of zone defense, and some take care of the attackers personally. The use of this defense system is necessary in order to exclude the most dangerous attackers from the game. There are 5+1 systems; 4+2. In the first, 5 defenders play zone defense; 1 defender provides personal care. To successfully use a mixed protection system, it is necessary: ​​1) to have experienced defenders for personal guardianship; 2) have players who help the personal guard in every possible way and, if necessary, switch to a dangerous attacker.

Team Action Training in defense they start by familiarizing themselves with the formation players on the court and the main tasks of players of various roles in various defense systems. Improving team defensive actions must be carried out in accordance with principles that are acceptable for all types and methods of defense:

1) The principle of substitution; 2) the principle of creating a numerical advantage; 3) the principle of countermovement; 4) the principle of suppression of transmission. The teamwork of the defense and its aggressiveness will depend on how competently handball players can implement these principles in a specific fight with the enemy. Guided by them, you can evaluate the correctness of the defenders’ actions in a given situation by analyzing the choice of their position. This makes it easier to correct errors, identify defense weaknesses, and, most importantly, timely theoretical and practical study of specific options will help quickly eliminate deficiencies.

7 . Methodology for teaching goalkeeper playing tactics.

Individual actions.

The success of a goalkeeper's defensive play is often determined by how rationally he chooses how to hold the ball, depending on which corner of the goal the ball flies to.

The choice of position by the goalkeeper also largely determines the outcome of his match with the attacker. Equally important is the choice of position in the goalkeeper's area. The goalkeeper can step forward to reduce the angle of the shot. The difficulty of this tactical action lies in determining the moment of exit, otherwise a throw will follow and the goalkeeper will lose the duel. To determine the possible direction of the ball's flight, the goalkeeper should take into account: 1) from what distance the throw is made; 2) how the throw is performed; 3) the location and actions of defense partners; 4) features of the striker’s throw.

The goalkeeper’s choice of position in the field cannot be ignored. During an attack by his team, the goalkeeper must take a position opposite his goal at a distance of 9-10 m in order to prevent “breakaway” during the enemy’s counterattack.

The goalkeeper also uses feints - actions by the goalkeeper aimed at causing the attacker to shoot at the desired part of the goal in the desired way. Feints are distinguished by choosing a position (shift to any side of the goal); stand-up feints (lower your arms, spread your legs wide, etc.), moving feints (jump forward, simulating an exit, etc.)

The goalkeeper must: 1) use a variety of feints; 2) perform feints quickly; 3) perform feints naturally.

Team Actions:

In the game, the goalkeeper must lead the defenders, but not all the time, but occasionally give hints, giving verbal instructions. When playing 9-meter throws, the goalkeeper controls the setting of the wall, and when throwing with blocking, he “holds” the far corner, and the “wall” holds the near one.

The goalkeeper is the first link in the chain of organizing a counterattack. Wherever the ball bounces outside the area, the goalkeeper must quickly pick it up and put it into play from his zone either with a long pass to the player in the “break” or to his closest partner.

When the team is attacking, the goalkeeper can take part in the ball as a field player.

To teach goalkeeper tactics begin when the player gains an understanding of the basic ways of keeping the ball outside the goal. Begin training by choosing a method of holding the ball at different levels of ball flight. To practice the tactics of using game techniques, they use a special shield (the size of a goal), on which large numbers are written in squares. The goalkeeper stands facing the backboard at a distance of 2-3m. The coach, standing behind him, calls out the numbers, and the goalkeeper, having found the desired square on the backboard, performs the technique, focusing on the named square (it is assumed that the ball flies from this square).

Gradually the pace of the exercise speeds up, then you can give him tasks to stop balls flying one after another. To gradually lead the goalkeeper to the correct reaction to the ball, you can put him behind a stretched net and throw the ball into it. This removes the goalkeeper's fear of the flying ball.

The choice of position in the goal begins to be taught along with movements along the arc. You can use the following device: tie the ends of a cord 15 m long to the base of the gate rods. The coach takes the cord by the middle and, holding it in his hand, moves along the goalkeeper's area. Moving along an arc in the goal (draw an arc with the ball), the goalkeeper must take place on an imaginary bisector of the angle formed by the cord (coach at the top of the angle).

Several players, positioned in an arc on the free throw line, sequentially pass the ball to each other, and the goalkeeper, maintaining a ready stance, continuously tries to take a place on the attack line of each, not moving away from the goal more than 1 m. If one attacker fakes a shot at the goal, the goalkeeper takes one step towards him and then returns to his starting position.

You need to start learning feints when the execution of game techniques is sufficiently mastered and choosing a position does not present any great difficulties. They first teach feints when performing free throws, and then you can try them in the process of direct attack from the “game”.

Tactics of coordinated actions with defense and attack are developed in the process of joint training.

1. Three players with balls at a distance of 16-17 m move towards the goal in a wide front, swing to throw the ball, but only one player makes the throw. The goalkeeper takes his starting position in the goal, watches all the players and deflects the ball.

2. The goalkeeper takes his starting position in the goal with his back in the field. The player is at a distance of 6m. When throwing the ball into the goal, the player gives a signal to the goalkeeper at the moment the ball leaves his hand. At the signal, the goalkeeper turns to face the player and deflects the ball.

3. A group of players, positioned one at a time in seven zones with the balls, alternately perform a series of throws from a distance of 6 m into the upper, middle, and lower parts of the goal. (Fig. 32)

4. The same, only throws are performed in a different sequence (Fig. 33)

Rice. 32 Throws from different positions alternately into different corners of the goal

5. Players are located in two columns facing each other. The goalkeeper is at his home court line, in the center. Player #4 passes the ball to the goalkeeper and shoots into the goal. At the moment player 4 catches the ball, player number 7 begins the exercise.

Rice. 33 Shots on goal to the right and left of the goalkeeper.

6. Rubber is stretched between two posts at a height of 30-50 cm. The goalkeeper jumps over the rubber with a push of two or one foot. At the moment the goalkeeper lands, the player alternately performs two throws left up and right up. The goalkeeper stops the balls.

7. The goalkeeper takes his starting position in the goal. The player throws the ball into the wall past the goal. The goalkeeper’s task is to pick up the ball as quickly as possible and pass the ball to the player in the “break”;

8. From the starting position, lying on his back, on the floor, the goalkeeper rolls onto his stomach without using his hands. A player with two balls at a distance of 2-3 m from the goalkeeper makes two downward throws in succession, which the goalkeeper reflects while lying on his stomach.

9. The goalkeeper takes a position in the goal while in a full squat. Players perform a series of downward throws. The goalkeeper stops the balls with his feet by lunging to the side.

10. One group of players (B) is located in the position of the left welterweight at a distance of 10-11 m from the goal, the other group (A) is in the position of the right welterweight at a distance of 6 m. Group B players perform throws with maximum effort from 9m. Group A players throw the ball into the goal from 6m in the fall. The throws of the players of groups B and A are carried out alternately. The goalkeeper must have time to hit the ball from a player in group B and, having moved, react to the throw from a player in group A.

8. Methods of tactical training

In the process of preparing a handball player, three methods of organizing exercises are used: regulation, improvisation and modeling.

Regulation method contains a strict sequence of player actions. This method is used when learning new interactions, when improving combinations with a certain ending for a certain player. When learning a tactical action, it is important to achieve a certain sequence of including all its performers in the action. To do this, handball players from a certain initial formation practice mutual movements according to the action pattern. Next, the opponent is introduced, and the exercise is performed with gradually increasing resistance until all the details of the action are clarified and mastered. When the standard interaction scheme is mastered, some clarifications and adjustments are made for the unexpected behavior of the defenders, specifying possible options for completing the attack.

In tactical exercises for attackers, organized by the regulation method, the following are specified: the starting position of the players; sequence of activation; methods, distances and speed of movement; methods, quantity and speed of passing the ball; distances between partners; distance to enemy players; possible options for completing the attack.

In exercises for defenders, the following are specified: the starting position of the players; sequence of activation; direction of movement; position occupied relative to enemy players; insurance options.

Exercises constructed using this method clearly specify the actions of the players, force them to achieve the goal in the shortest possible way, and teach them game discipline, when everyone acts according to a single plan.

Improvisation method contains the free choice of actions by each team player. Naturally, this freedom is limited by knowledge of the general rules of interaction. The use of this method develops the imagination and initiative of the players. In exercises organized by the method of improvisation, new combinations are born, players can discover new possibilities in themselves. . Partners may not understand the player’s unexpected course of action, and therefore may not support it. Therefore, these exercises force handball players to concentrate their attention extremely, quickly assess an unfamiliar situation and decide on further actions. The improvisation method develops high activity, attentiveness, orientation, and the ability to predict situations. However, it is available to athletes with gaming intelligence and a sufficient level of technical preparedness.

Simulation method involves the creation of conditions for supposed competition. The actions of the leading player or the entire opposing team, the actions of one’s own team in a numerical minority or the majority are subject to modeling. Modeling a leading player or a player of the opposing team who is dangerous by some actions, the coach gives the task to one of the handball players to depict, if possible, the game of this athlete or he himself performs his function. The entire team, acting against a “model” player, must clearly know the features of his dangerous moves and react to them in an exaggerated manner. Naturally, this will create difficulties for partners, but creating alarming situations in training will eliminate their surprise during the final game.

You can simulate the actions of an attacker and a defender. For example, one of the attackers portrays a scorer with a long throw from 10-12 meters. Depending on what position this player is in, the defenders clarify their actions. Or vice versa, a tenacious defender does not let go of the best scorer of the enemy team.

The entire system of play of the opposing team, both in attack and defense, can be subjected to modeling. Choosing options for overcoming one or another system of play during training will focus players on the upcoming meeting, give confidence in the choice of means of play, and help quickly and rationally organize their actions in competitions.

A prerequisite for modeling must be the presence of initial and final data in the model. Moreover, exercise models can be of two options:

First, the model presupposes the presence of a ready-made scheme of actions, i.e. the entire development path from initial to final. In this case, the finished scheme must be tailored to specific performers, to a specific position in which the action is performed. As a rule, such a model is represented by the situations most often encountered in a real gaming environment. For example, if they are guarding personally, then it is rational to use a screen. This group interaction is familiar to handball players, and all that remains is to clarify with which partner the ward will perform it

Second, only the initial and final data are known in the model, but there is no information about the functioning of this model. In this exercise we will search for several options for action from the starting position to the final goal. For example, they personally take care of two attacking players. In this case, it is possible to use various types of group interactions: screening, cross external and internal interaction, as well as hidden withdrawal from the guardian.

The most important thing in applying the modeling method in the tactical training of a handball player is taking into account the time parameters of actions that are inherent directly in competitive activity.

Scientists under the leadership of Professor Latyshkevich L.A. Three tempos of interactions are identified: fast (with alternating ball passes from player to player in less than 1.5 s), moderate (with alternating 1.5-2 s) and slow (more than 2 s). It has been noticed that the higher the pace of the game, the better its performance. At a fast pace, the effectiveness of attacks was in the range of 40%, at a moderate pace - 18%, and at a slow pace only 12%.

The duration of an effective attack in handball is on average 27.9 s, and an ineffective attack is 2.1 s. The length of the chain of sequential actions is highly correlated with fast (r=0.865) and moderate (r=0.625) tempo. And with slow, the length of combinations does not affect performance (r=0.214). Therefore, playing long combinations at a slow pace is a waste of training time.

What is important when modeling is the so-called continuity of attacking actions, i.e. the ratio of the number of players receiving the ball in motion to the total number taking part in the interaction. This indicator has a significant impact on performance at all three attack rates (coefficient 0.885; 0.861; 0.734, respectively). This means that it is necessary to create dynamic models of combinations, where each player, through his action, poses a threat to scoring the opponent’s goal or with a certain movement or a certain feint.

The great importance of modeling the pace of interactions is also supported by the fact that the variability of attacking actions, i.e. the ratio of the number of the most active attack vectors to the total number of interactions significantly affects performance at a fast (r = 0.845) and moderate (r = 0.803) pace and does not matter at a slow (r = 0.188).

When modeling defensive actions, players' movements must be improved taking into account the most effective pace of the attackers.

9. Tasks for additional study for the “Tactics” section

Define and classify tactics in handball.

Conduct a survey or survey of SDUSHOR coaches and determine the main trends in the development of tactics in handball.

Describe the methodology for teaching tactical actions. Sequence of teaching throwing tactics in handball.

Graphically depict group tactical actions in attack and defense (screening with escort and switching)

Reveal the functional responsibilities of players of various roles.

List the offensive game systems, show strengths and weaknesses, and depict them graphically.

List the systems of zone play in defense, strengths and weaknesses, and depict graphically.

List tactical training methods and their application by age.

How is tactical installation for a specific game carried out (installation, disassembly of the game, etc.)

How outdoor games can be used to teach game tactics. Describe 2 outdoor games for teaching group handball.

Draw up a plan outline for a handball training session with the task of teaching any tactical action.

Observe a handball game and draw up a report on the following parameters: team composition (by playing role), game systems used in defense and attack, tactical techniques used by the goalkeeper, the appropriateness of time-outs taken, the number of errors in attack and defense (losses) , effectiveness, etc.)

L I T E R A T U R A:

1. Vasilkov G.A., Vasilkov V.G. From game to sport. Collection of relay races and game tasks. M., FiS, 1985.

2. Latyshkevich L.A., Manevich L.R. Technical and tactical training of handball players. Kyiv “Health”, 1981.

3. Latyshkevich L.A., Turchin I.E., Manevicha L.R. Handball. Textbook for the Institute of Physical Education. Kyiv “Health”, 1986.

4. Ignatieva V.Ya. Handball. Textbook for the Institute of Physical Education. M., FiS, 1983.

5. Sports games and teaching methods: Textbook for pedagogical faculties of physical education institutes. Ed. Yu.Portnykh, M., FiS, 1986.

6. Gorbalyaunskaya Ch.L. We play handball. M., “Enlightenment”, 1988.

7. Zotov V.P., Kondratyev A.I. Modeling of training of highly qualified handball players, Kyiv: Health, F and S 1982.

8. Evtushenko A.N. With a ball in hand. M., "FiS", 1986

9.Ignatieva V.Ya. Handball. M., "FiS", 1983.

10. Klusov N.P. Handball players training M., FiS, 1975.

11. Klusov N.P., Evtushenko L.N. Features of the training process in a multi-round competition system. M., "FiS", 1975.

12. Klusov N.P. Handball tactics M., FiS, 1980.

13. Shestakov M.P., Shestakov I.G. Handball. Tactical training. – M., SportAkademPress, 2001.

14. Turchin I.E. Game strategy. Kyiv “Youth” 1988

15.Yakhtopov E.R. Individual exercises for handball players. M., "Fis", 1981.

texnika_itaktika_gandola.doc

Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan

National University of Uzbekistan

named after Mirzo Ulugbek

V.I.Izaak, T.E.Nabiev

HANDBALL TECHNIQUES AND TACTICS

Tashkent

"University"

2008
Preface
One of the most important components of the handball structure is technical and tactical preparation. The success of a team’s performance in competitions largely depends on its level of development.

This monograph makes an attempt to present in an accessible form the main provisions related to training and improving the technique and tactics of playing handball. The main task that was set was not only to specifically present the educational material, but also to convey logically, accessiblely and in the appropriate sequence the experience accumulated by the authors over many years of working with teams of handball masters.

The first and third chapters present schematic diagrams for the classification of techniques and tactics of the game, which make it possible to bring into a certain system the whole variety of technical and tactical techniques. This, on the one hand, determines the most rational ways to analyze them, and on the other, makes it possible to unify methodological approaches to teaching individual groups of techniques.

The third and fourth chapters are structured similarly to the previous two. They detail individual, group and team tactical actions. Particular attention is paid to the technique of ball handling techniques, a large number of teaching and training exercises are proposed, factors influencing the characteristics of performing techniques in various game conditions are indicated, in addition, various types of attacks are analyzed, their individual phases are considered and specific guidelines for practical implementation are given. All combinations and interactions analyzed are illustrated in detail with diagrams.

A special place in the book is occupied by a section related to solving problems of accelerating the pace of performing individual techniques and improving their accuracy. Consistently introduced complications into training should allow you to completely complete the initial setup of the technique and move on to consolidating and improving it. At the same time, an important conclusion is made that the technical training of handball players involves the formation of motor skills in various methods of movement, as well as in ball handling techniques and martial arts techniques.

Chapter 1. TECHNOLOGY

1.1. Concepts and characteristics of technology and technical

handball skill

In the theory and methodology of sports, the term “technique technique” means: a system of movements that are similar in semantic structure and aimed at solving approximately the same game problem. The variety of conditions in which one or another technique is used stimulates the formation and improvement of a number of ways to perform each technique. The method is characterized, first of all, by the stability of the main motor structure - kinematic, dynamic and rhythmic.

Each technical technique represents a specific motor skill that has a unique biomechanical structure, determined by the corresponding kinematic and dynamic characteristics of movement (path, speed, acceleration, magnitude and direction of effort).

The handball player’s technique at each stage of the development of the game is the most effective, practice-tested means that allows the player, within the framework of the rules, to successfully act in difficult situations of struggle, attack and defense. To achieve the best results in instantly emerging and constantly changing playing positions, a handball player must master a large number of different technical techniques and methods, be able to choose the most suitable technique or combination of techniques, and perform them quickly and accurately. The criterion of highest technical mastery can be considered:

– high-quality knowledge of the optimal volume of techniques and methods for the full implementation of given game functions in combination with two or three “crown” techniques of attack and defense;

– accuracy and efficiency of performing the above techniques;

– stability of performing techniques under conditions of increased influence of such “disconcerting” factors as significant fatigue, psychological stress, difficult external conditions, etc.;

– the ability to control the phases of a technical technique depending on the specific options of the opponent’s counteraction;

– reliability of techniques, which is determined by the ability to maintain a high level of accuracy and efficiency throughout a multi-day tournament from match to match without significant negative deviations.

Modern playing techniques have developed historically: at different stages of its development, the number of techniques, methods of their implementation, evaluation criteria have changed and improved, taking into account the main components of attack and defense. The determining factors influencing the restructuring of the technical arsenal were changes in the rules of the game, as well as an increase in the level of physical and technical-tactical preparedness of the players. For example, a significant increase in the attacking potential of teams, the dynamism of game actions, the intensification of attack and defense led to a reduction in the preparatory phase and amplitude of movements when passing and throwing the ball into the goal, and an expansion of the arsenal of high-speed passes in conditions of shortage of time and space. The further development of jumping ability in players, combined with their high growth, contributed to the emergence of such a throw at the goal as a throw with translation, twist, deflection of the body in the final phase, a jump throw when receiving the ball above the goal area, and others.

Thus, we can come to the conclusion that at the present stage of development of handball, not all the possibilities of the playing technique are fully used.

Classification of equipment . From a pedagogical point of view, it is advisable to divide the large, diverse volume of technical techniques in handball into separate groups (classes) according to certain characteristics. This division of technical techniques is called classification. The classification makes it possible to clearly program the technical training of players at various stages of the annual training cycle, organizationally and methodically linking it with other sections of the training process.

Handball technique is divided into two large sections: attacking technique and defensive technique. In both sections, two groups are distinguished: in attacking technique - movement technique and ball possession technique, and in defensive technique - movement technique and technique of tackling the ball and countering. In turn, each group has techniques and methods. Almost every method of performing a technique has several varieties that reveal individual details of the unified structure of the movement. In addition, the dynamic structure of the method is certain influenced by the execution conditions, which clarify the specifics of the player’s movement, initial positions, directions and distances.

A schematic diagram of the classification of playing techniques with the specific example below may look like this:

technique section – attack technique;

technique group – ball handling technique;

reception - throwing the ball into the goal;

method - with a straight hand from above in a jump;

variation - from the supporting position with transfer to the far corner;

conditions for execution - in a jump, after playing with a deviation of the body.

This classification allows us to bring into a specific system the whole variety of technical techniques. Which, on the one hand, determines the most rational ways to analyze them, and on the other, makes it possible to unify methodological approaches to

training specific groups of technical techniques (Fig. 1.1.).

technique games

technique attacks

sections

technique protection

movement technique

ball handling technique

groups

movement technique

countermeasures technique

run

jumping

turns

stops

catching

transfers

throws

conducting

rack

run

jumping

stops

tying

interceptions

blocking

knocking out

TECHNIQUE

options for techniques, conditions for implementation

Rice. 1.1. Classification of playing techniques

The implementation of technical techniques and their detailed analysis is based on a system-structural approach. This means that the method of performing various technical techniques is considered as a system of movements in which their individual components can always be isolated. In turn, the elements are combined into larger subsystems. Consideration of such subsystems in time is carried out using the so-called phase analysis, and a distinction is made between preparatory, main (or working) and final (or final) phases. Phase analysis is of great practical importance; it makes it possible to actually determine the range of stability and variability of phases, the nature of their relationship, and on this basis to develop or refine methodological methods for improving the management of a technical arsenal.

When studying the question of what parts the methods of performing certain techniques consist of, clarifying their motor composition, it is equally important to determine how they are combined and how they interact in organizational structure. Kinematic structure method reveals the form and nature of movements using spatial, temporal, spatiotemporal indicators. The characteristics of quantities, moments of forces, moments of inertia, interaction of forces and reactions determine the dynamic structure of the method. In some cases, it may be of interest to consider rhythmic structure, showing when, how and where forceful accents are applied in time.

Analysis of the kinematic structure of methods for performing technical techniques in attack involves obtaining an answer to such questions as: working movements are carried out with one or two hands, the level of these movements in relation to parts of the athlete’s body (from below, at the level of the chest, shoulder, head, from above) and relation to the body axis (sideways, straight, with deviation).

In practical terms, it is important to clarify the dynamic structure of the player’s position at the moment of performing the technique (in place or in motion, in a supporting position or unsupported). In addition, they take into account what inertial forces acted on the player, what are the directions and speed of movement of the partner or opponent, what distance must be covered. In conclusion, the relationship between the motor composition of the technique and its semantic structure is determined, from the point of view of the rationality and effectiveness of its use in certain tactical systems and situations.

The player's technical techniques and movements require their analysis according to a simplified scheme.
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1.2. Technique of movement in attack
The high efficiency of a handball player’s competitive activity largely depends on the efficiency of his movement technique. To move around the site, the player uses walking, running, jumping, and stopping. High-quality execution of these techniques allows the attacker to break away from the defender guarding him and reach a convenient position for receiving the ball and performing other techniques. In addition, the effectiveness of many technical techniques with the ball depends on the correct work of the legs when moving and on maintaining balance: passes while moving and jumping, dribbling and dribbling, jumping shots, etc.

Run. The main means of movement in handball is running. It should be noted that the running of a handball player is significantly different from the running of representatives of cyclic sports. The player must be able to perform accelerations within the court from a variety of starting positions in any direction, face or backwards, and quickly change the direction and speed of running. Distinctive feature running in a straight line is that the contact of the foot with the platform should be carried out by rolling from heel to toe or softly placing the foot on the full foot. This promotes the natural bending of the legs that is characteristic of all movements of a handball player. After pushing off, the leg is strongly bent at the knee joint and carried forward with the hip raised. It should be remembered that when performing various types of movements, the arms should be in a relatively relaxed position and move freely to the rhythm of running. Starting acceleration or an increase in running speed that is unexpected for the enemy is called in sports games jerk . Obviously, the jerk is the best way to change the direction of movement and get into an open space. The technique of performing a jerk involves: the first 3-4 steps are made short and very sharp (shock), with the foot planted on the toe. At this time, the torso is tilted forward, and the arms, bent at right angles, move energetically in time with the steps. After a pause, the running speed increases due to the lengthening of the stride and frequency of steps. At this moment the player must be ready to receive the ball.

When teaching running techniques, the following sequence can be recommended: first, running facing forward is learned, then with side steps, forward and backwards. An understanding of running technique is achieved through demonstration and brief explanation. Particular attention is paid to the degree of bending of the legs and placing the foot on the support.

When performing running exercises, it is necessary to pay attention to the noiselessness of the run, its softness and freedom, the correct push-off from the platform, which determines the speed of movement and change in direction of movement.

Jumping. During gaming activities, jumping is used as independent techniques and is an integral part of other technical techniques. Most often, second-line attacking players (mid-middle and center) use upward jumps, upward long jumps, and a series of jumps. In the game of forwards of the first line of attack (wingers and linemen), a large place is occupied by jumping over the goal area with a deflection of the body and a fall in the final phase of the throw. In both cases, two methods of performing a jump are used: a push with two legs and a push with one leg.

Jump with one leg push performed in one step or two or three steps. In any case, repulsion is carried out in such a way as to make maximum use of the inertial forces of the run-up, while the last step of the run-up before repulsion should be slightly wider than the previous ones. The pushing leg, slightly bent at the knee joint, is sent forward and elastically placed for the push by rolling from heel to toe: the handball player seems to squat a little. The other leg makes an active swing forward and upward, and at the moment the body passes the general center of gravity (GCT) above the support, it bends at the hip and knee joints. After takeoff, when the handball player's body reaches its highest point, the swing leg extends and joins the pushing leg.

When performing a number of technical techniques with the ball in an unsupported position, the player’s ability to jump to a sufficient height without the active participation of his hands, quickly and in a timely manner is considered very important. Landing in any type of jump should be soft, without loss of balance, which is achieved by shock-absorbing bending of slightly spaced legs. Such a landing allows you to immediately begin performing the necessary actions.

The two-legged push jump is used most often by offensive linemen. After receiving the ball, the player squats slightly, brings his arms slightly closer to his body and raises his head. The push-off is carried out by powerful extension of the legs, energetic movement of the torso and arms in the forward-upward direction. Different directions of the jump (up-forward, up-back or to the side) are achieved by pushing off and moving the center of gravity of the body in the desired direction. In this case, in the last step of the run, one leg is sent forward, and the other is quickly moved towards it. The push-off is carried out simultaneously with both legs vertically upward. All these movements must be performed quickly, seamlessly, without delays in the repulsion phase.

In the process of mastering the technique of jumping, it is necessary to teach the correct take-off (in the desired directions), take-off height, coordination of movements in an unsupported position and correct landing. At the beginning, jumping from a place is studied, and then in movement with a push with one and two legs. As they are mastered, jumps are improved with the help of the same exercises and techniques, of which they are an organic part.

Turns. During the game, turns are most often used by offensive linemen to free themselves from the guard of a defender when attacking the goal. They differ in direction, step of the leg performing the turn and movement of the body.

By doing turning on the spot the player transfers the central gravity to one leg, which is like an axis of rotation. The legs are bent slightly more than usual. To maintain balance, the torso is tilted forward. The supporting leg is on the toe, which does not move during turns, but only turns towards the step with the other leg. The hands can take different positions, which are determined by the task of performing certain movements with or without the ball.

Carrying out turn in motion , the player approaches the opponent and places the foot of the supporting leg turned in the direction of the intended turn. Then, without any delay, he turns in the direction of movement on the front leg.

Stops. In sports practice and in accordance with the game situation, the handball player uses sharp, sudden stops, which, in combination with jerks and changes in the direction of running, make it possible to free himself for some time from the enemy’s guardianship and enter free space for further attacking actions.

The stop is most often performed in two steps, while the player tries not to disturb the rhythm of running. Stopping begins with an energetic push off with one leg. During flight, the fly leg is ahead of the body and lands first (first step). After the swing leg touches the surface of the platform with the pushing leg, the second step (landing) is carried out, and the stop is completed.

The inertia of running is extinguished by bending the legs, slightly turning and deflecting the body towards the supporting leg. The two-step stop is the basis of the two-step rhythm. It serves as a good preparatory exercise for catching the ball in motion, then stopping and dribbling away with the ball in the opposite direction.

Stopping is studied in parallel with running: first, the method of stopping is by walking, then by jumping. It is important to teach from the very beginning in such a way that the width of the step does not change and the running speed does not slow down before stopping, and the first step of the stop is wide. In addition, it is necessary to pay serious attention to the bending of the supporting leg, ensuring the cessation of forward movement and the correct placement of the feet.
1.3. Ball handling technique
The ball handling technique includes the following techniques: catching, passing, dribbling and throwing the ball into the goal.

Catching the ball - This is a technique that allows a player to take possession of the ball in order to perform further attacking actions. It can also be noted that the speed of orientation and complex reactions is of particular importance for the high-quality performance of the technique. Catching the ball is the starting position for subsequent passes, dribbles or throws, so the structure of the movements should ensure clear and convenient execution of subsequent techniques. Even before receiving the ball, the player must determine what position the partners are in and who benefits from passing the ball. This is possible with good development of peripheral vision: central vision should be directed towards the ball. The handball player must remember that he cannot receive the ball in a static position; he must always go out to meet it. It is necessary to take a stable position after catching, bend your knees when receiving the ball, and land softly with it after jumping. The choice of a particular method of catching by a handball player depends on various factors: the height of the ball, the position of the player in relation to the flying ball, the dynamics of the player’s movement and the speed of the ball. The classification of fishing methods and their varieties is shown in Figure 1.2.

Catching the ball with both hands. The simplest and at the same time reliable way to master the ball is to catch the ball with both hands.

When the ball flies towards the player at chest level, you should extend your arms in the direction of the expected pass. Spread and relaxed fingers form the shape of a possible grip on the ball.

catching the ball

with both hands

one hand

"high"

at chest level

"low"

present

from low rebound

"high"

at chest level

"low"

present

from low rebound

by nature of movement

by flight speed

in the direction of flight

on site

in move

in a jump

fast

average

slow

in oncoming traffic

in forward motion

when moving from the side

Rice. 1.2. Classification of ball catching techniques

The fingers are located symmetrically. The thumbs are close on the same line and directed upward, to the sides, the rest with their terminal phalanges facing forward and upward. The ball should touch the surface of the fingers that grip it. The inertia of the ball is extinguished sequentially by all parts of the arms: first, the hands are retracted back, then the arms are bent at the elbow joints. When a player catches a high-flying ball, he needs to straighten his arms up, up-forward or up-to-side. Catching a low-flying ball is also carried out with straight arms, which are lowered down. After the player receives the ball, the torso is moved slightly forward, the ball, protected from the opponent by a slight spread of the torso and elbows, is brought into a position of readiness for subsequent actions.

When catching, special attention should be paid to shock-absorbing movements while jerking towards a fast-flying ball. If the ball flies slightly below chest level, then in this case the player squats deeper than usual, thereby reducing the height of the shoulders to the level of the ball's flight.

When fighting for a ball falling onto the court, you should not wait until it bounces off the court to a height convenient for catching. You need to move towards the ball and catch it initial moment of rebound, getting closer to the place where the ball fell. The player lunges towards the ball, tilts his body quickly forward over his leg, lowers his arms forward and down, and brings his hands to the ball from the outside, and not from above. Having grabbed the ball, the player immediately straightens up and pulls the ball towards him.

When catching the ball in motion with the intention of immediately performing a pass or throw into the goal, the so-called two-step technique. If a player wants to immediately make a pass or throw on the run after catching it, then he must catch the ball, slightly jumping on it at the moment when the push with his left foot has already been made and his right foot has been brought forward. This is followed by a push with the right foot (first step), a push with the left (second step) and a pass or throw with the right hand in a jump.

Catching the ball with one hand. During gaming activities, situations often arise when a player is forced to catch the ball with one hand. In this case, the process of mastering the ball includes three phases.

Preparatory phase: the player extends his arm in such a way as to cross the flight path of the ball (the hand and fingers are not tense).

Main phase: as soon as the ball touches the fingers, the hand must be moved back and down, as if continuing the flight of the ball (cushioning movement). This movement is aided by a slight rotation of the torso towards the catching hand.

Final phase: the ball must be supported with one hand, then firmly grasped with both hands so that you are ready to immediately act further.

For quick actions, immediately after catching, catching with one hand without supporting the ball is used. Here the cushioning motion is used as a swing without a follow-up transfer.

It should be remembered that it is more advisable to catch a rolling ball with one hand with support, but bending your legs more and tilting your torso towards the ball.

A high-flying ball is caught with one hand while jumping with a slight bend in the body, quickly lowering the ball, supporting it with the other hand and pulling it towards the body. Having caught the ball, the player immediately takes a position of balance, with his elbows spread, protecting the ball from the opponent’s attempts to knock it out.

When starting to learn how to catch a ball, it is necessary to require students to take the correct starting position to perform the technique, focus on the flight of the ball and perform a shock-absorbing movement while catching.

In the very first exercises, students master the skills of placing their hands on the ball. To facilitate the player’s task, catching the ball is carried out with passes performed with a small trajectory.

Criteria for efficiency when catching the ball. The player catching the ball must:

1. 
   concentrate your attention as much as possible when receiving the ball;
2. 
   pick up the ball with your fingertips;
3. 
   when catching a low ball, point your fingers down and your palms out; when catching a high ball, point your fingers up and your palms out;
4. 
   movement of the arms and hands to soften the reception of the ball;
5. 
   always move towards the pass, with the exception of some cases when making a fast break;
6. 
   be ready to cover the ball with movement of the elbows and torso as soon as the player gains control of it.

Common mistakes when receiving the ball:

1. 
   loss of control when catching the ball;
2. 
   when receiving the ball, excessive tension in the fingers and hand and, as a result, lack of shock-absorbing movement;
3. 
   after catching the ball, the arms do not bend at the elbow joints;
4. 
   catching the ball is done with the palms, not the fingertips;
5. 
   the rule of counter movement when receiving the ball is not observed.

The ability to pass the ball accurately and in a timely manner is the basis for clear, purposeful communication in the game. There are many different ways to pass the ball. They are used depending on a particular game situation, the distance to which the ball needs to be sent, the location or direction of movement of the partner, the nature and methods of countering the opponents. The classification of ball passes is shown in Figure 1.3.

When analyzing passing technique, it should be remembered that its high level largely depends on such important abilities as: peripheral vision, speed of hand movements, accurate calculation and tactical thinking.

The speed and accuracy of passing passes largely depend on the correct, energetic work of the hands and fingers in the main phase of the reception, therefore, special attention should be paid to these details when planning training work to improve passing technique. It should be remembered that the partner receiving the ball must be seen, but not looked directly at him. When passing, it is necessary to observe such an important methodological rule as maintaining balance, because the direction of the intended pass may be blocked by the opponent, and therefore the attacker may make a “jog” or allow

Rice. 1.3. Classification of ball passing techniques

interception of the ball. In this case, a well-designed pass can be intercepted by a defender. There is no doubt that part of the blame can be attributed to the partner receiving the ball, but the main responsibility for losing the ball always lies with the passer.

One-handed shoulder pass. Can be performed at various distances, from any position on the court with minimal swing time and good ball control. Additional movement of the hand at the moment the ball is released allows the player to change the direction and trajectory of the ball over a wide range.

Preparatory phase: the player carries the ball over his right shoulder. The hand is behind the ball, slightly outside, with the fingers pointing up and the palm facing the target. The left hand is located on the front surface of the ball and helps guide the ball to the desired position.

Main phase: the passing player transfers his body weight to the back foot and releases the ball with a step forward with a quick movement of the elbow, hand and fingers. In this case, the left hand leaves the ball and moves at shoulder level in the direction of the pass.

Final phase: when releasing the ball, the body weight moves to the front leg, and the accompaniment ends with inward and downward rotation of the forearm and straightened hand with the thumb pointing down. The torso rotates around the leg in front so that the passing player ends the movement facing the partner receiving the ball. The toes are positioned in the direction of the transmission.

One-handed underhand pass performed at close and medium distance in situations where the opponent is trying hard to intercept an overhead pass. The ball is directed to a partner under the opponent's arm.

Preparatory phase: The straight or slightly bent hand with the ball is swung back, the ball lies on the palm, held by the fingers and centrifugal force.

Main phase: the hand with the ball along the hip is carried forward and upward. To release the ball, the hand opens and the fingers push the ball out. The height of the flight path depends on the timing of the opening movement of the hand and fingers. Often this pass is performed with a step from the left foot.

One-handed side pass similar to a one-handed underhand pass. Allows you to direct the ball to your partner at close and medium distances, bypassing the opponent on the right or left side.

Preparatory phase: The swing is carried out by moving the hand with the ball to the side and back and turning the body accordingly.

Main phase: the hand with the ball makes a forward swing movement in a plane parallel to the court. The direction of the ball's flight also depends on the opening movement of the hand and fingers.

Passing with one hand behind your back It is used only at a short distance when partners interact when performing attacking actions during cross movement.

The player can turn his head slightly or use his peripheral vision to see the teammate receiving the pass. Holding the ball with the hand bent at a right angle to the forearm, the player carries the ball behind his back and releases it with a throwing motion of the hand back: the fingers are turned towards the partner receiving the pass, the player turns on his right foot (when passing with his right hand) in the direction opposite to the direction of the pass .

One-handed pass with a bounce. This method of passing is most often used in the interaction between players of the second line of attack (mid-middle and center) and wingers or line forwards. The ball hits the floor near the feet and under the outstretched arms of the opponent so that he cannot block or interrupt the pass. When bouncing off the floor, the ball can travel faster if the player gives it a spin with his thumbs as he releases it.

This gear is the slowest of all gears and should only be used if you are confident of success. When performing a pass, it is advisable to use a feint to throw or pass. The fake move will cause the defender to reach up, making the pass more reliable.

Push transmission performed after a feint to pass or throw. Used to supply balls to a lineman or wing player. This pass is also used when it is necessary to overcome the resistance of a defender who is preventing the pass from being completed. It can be performed with or without a bounce and is essentially similar to a one-handed overhand pass, except that one hand only helps control the ball. As soon as the defender reacts to the feint, the ball is released in the opposite direction with a full extension of the arm and a short movement of the hand and fingers with a step towards the pass. Accompaniment is performed only with the hand and forearm parallel to the floor for a direct pass and slightly inclined towards the target for a bounce pass.

In addition to the methods of passing the ball described above, in difficult conditions of active opposition from opponents, handball players use “hidden” passes, which allow them to disguise their true direction. "Hidden" These passes are called because the basic movements associated with releasing the ball in the desired direction are partially hidden from the eyes of the guarding opponent and are to some extent unexpected for him. All this makes it difficult for the opponent to intercept the ball. Most often, three types of “hidden” transmissions are used in practice: passes at hand, passes behind your back And over-the-shoulder passes.“Hidden” passes are characterized by a relatively short swing, requiring a minimum of time, and a powerful finishing movement of the hand and fingers. When performing a pass, the hand with the ball moves crosswise under the free hand towards the partner receiving the ball. The main movements in a behind-the-back pass are a swing of the slightly bent arm backwards behind the back, followed by a sweeping (with rotation) movement of the hand. When passing over the shoulder, the player with the ball, palm up, sharply bends the forearm and hand over the same or opposite shoulder and sends the ball to the outgoing partner.

It should be remembered that the attacker, when making passes, must:

1. 
   master the correct technique of all kinds of gears;
2. 
   skillfully choose the right method of transmission in each specific situation;
3. 
   choose the transmission method and speed in relation to a specific situation;
4. 
   determine the location of the partner receiving the ball;
5. 
   pass the ball quickly and accurately with a minimum of effort so as not to give away the intent of the pass to the opponent;
6. 
   use feints before making passes;
7. 
   perform passes with both one and the other hand;
8. 
   
9. 
   do not look directly at the receiver of the transmission, but follow him with peripheral vision;
10. 
    bring the receiver of the pass to the ball so that he catches the ball at chest level and in motion.

1. 
   master the rational technique of all kinds of gears;
2. 
   skillfully choose the optimal method of transmission in each specific situation;
3. 
   correctly determine the location of the partner receiving the ball;
4. 
   do not strive to perform overly complex passes;
5. 
   pass the ball quickly and accurately with a minimum of effort so as not to give away the intent of the pass to the opponent;
6. 
   use feints before making a pass;
7. 
   perform passes with both one and the other hand;
8. 
   control the ball before passing, but strive to catch and pass the ball in one movement;
9. 
   do not look at your partner when performing a pass, but use peripheral vision;
10. 
    use a bounce pass only when necessary;
11. 
    pass to a partner so that he receives the ball in motion and at chest level;
12. 
    pass the ball to a partner in a direction free from guarding.

1. 
   transmissions are too strong;
2. 
   incorrectly calculated transmission speed;
3. 
   poor footwork;
4. 
   inability to relax;
5. 
   haste and uncertainty when making passes;
6. 
   transmissions with too high a trajectory;
7. 
   incorrect choice of transmission method;
8. 
   lack of reliable control over the ball when catching.