Ecology Olympics. Olympiads Achievements of MDG “Mega-Talent” over the past year
Texts of tasks and answers for the Olympiad in ecology
1. Type of task - choosing one correct answer out of fourproposed(correct answer - 2 points)
1. The territorial behavior of animals is most pronounced:
a) with a solitary lifestyle;
b) with a gregarious lifestyle;
c) with a family lifestyle; +
d) with a herd lifestyle.
2. Random distribution of individuals of the same species in space is observed in nature when:
a) the environment is homogeneous and there is very strong competition between individuals;
b) the environment is heterogeneous and individuals do not tend to unite into groups; +
c) the environment is homogeneous and there is antagonism between individuals;
d) the environment is not homogeneous and individuals form different clusters.
3. Consortia (groups of heterogeneous organisms) are formed in biogeocenosis based on:
a) topical connections;
b) phoric; +
c) factory;
d) trophic.
4. Energy losses when using vehicles increase when:
a) increasing the share of public transport;
b) improving the aerodynamic characteristics of trailers;
c) return of empty transport after delivery of cargo; +
d) creating cars with a high mileage per unit of fuel.
5. In the territories occupied by marmot colonies, the main edificators are:
a) turf grasses;
b) marmots; +
c) ungulates;
d) various weeds.
6. The creation of the modern biosphere during the evolution of the biosphere was significantly influenced by:
a) the appearance of blue-green algae; +
b) the appearance of the first mammals;
c) formation of sedimentary rocks;
d) outpouring of magmatic lavas.
7. The best indicators (indicators) of the state of the environment are species that:
a) require strictly defined conditions of existence; +
b) exist in a wide range of environmental conditions;
c) adapt to the influence of anthropogenic factors;
d) exhibit plasticity to the action of environmental factors.
8. Physiological adaptations to lack of moisture in animals include:
a) closing the burrow with highly sclerotized body segments;
b) absorption of water by the intestines and production of dry feces; +
c) digging deep vertical holes, where the air is always moist;
d) protection of parts of the body in contact with the external environment, cuticle.
9. According to the rule of the pyramid of numbers, the total number of individuals participating in food chains, with each link:
a) decreases; +
b) increases;
c) remains unchanged;
d) obeys a sinusoidal curve.
10. Three-dimensional vision is typical for:
a) partridges, ducks, starlings, woodpeckers, eagle owls;
b) owls, falcons, eagles, vultures, caracals; +
c) bees, dragonflies, ants, ground beetles, butterflies;
d) horses, marsupial moles, saigas, bison.
11. The main edifiers of terrestrial biogeocenoses are usually certain species:
a) animals;
b) bacteria;
c) plants; +
d) mushrooms.
12. Which international convention did Russia (as part of the USSR) join in February 1975:
a) Convention on Biological Diversity;
b) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention); +
c) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention);
d) Convention on the Conservation of Wild Flora and Fauna and Natural Habitats in Europe (Bern Convention).
13. When energy is transferred from one trophic level to another, energy losses occur:
a) within 10%;
b) within 90%; +
c) within 20%;
d) within 78%.
14. The expression “No one dies alone” corresponds to the following ecological principle:
a) the principle of biological replacement;
b) the principle of consortium integrity; +
c) the feedback principle;
d) the founder's principle;
15. An acute lack of oxygen is felt in the layers of water:
a) with a fast constant surface current;
b) heavily populated by cyanobacteria and zooplankton; +
c) with a high density of green algae;
d) heavily populated by brown algae.
16. The concept of “ecological niche” was first introduced:
a) K. Timiryazev;
b) J. Grinnell; +
c) Yu. Odum;
d) V. Serebryakov.
17. A substance that pollutes the environment is called:
a) inhibitor;
b) attractant;
c) pollutant; +
d) determinant.
18. The rate of accumulation of phytomass in communities is:
a) net primary productivity; +
b) gross primary productivity;
c) secondary productivity;
d) landscape productivity.
19. The main reason for lake siltation is:
a) water intake for irrigation;
b) enhanced recreation;
c) increase in the intake of suspended substances; +
d) pollution by industrial wastewater.
20. The negative impact of photochemical smog on human health is increasing:
a) in the presence of windy weather;
b) in a low, unventilated basin; +
c) in the early morning hours;
d) in the winter season.
21. Animals and plants inhabiting arid ecosystems are characterized by features that allow:
a) radically change your physiology;
b) avoid dehydration; +
c) produce numerous offspring;
d) avoid hypothermia.
22. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, everyone has the right to a favorable environment, which, according to Russian environmental legislation (Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Protection”, 2002), ensures:
a) sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects; +
b) maintaining a stable number of species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation;
c) the excess of the birth rate over the death rate of the population of the Russian Federation;
d) sustainable economic growth.
23. The spread of life in the highlands is limited:
a) atmospheric air pressure; +
b) the amount of free moisture;
c) intensity of sunlight;
d) ultraviolet radiation.
24. The decomposition of organic substances and sulfates by bacteria in soils, sea silts, and aquifers occurs:
a) without access to oxygen and in the absence of sulfates;
b) with the oxidation of sulfur released in the form of H 2 S;
c) with access to atmospheric oxygen, without the release of energy useful for microorganisms;
d) with the release of CO 2 and H 2 S. +
25. The physical factors of self-purification of water bodies include:
a) oxidation of organic and inorganic substances;
b) dilution and mixing of incoming contaminants; +
c) the presence of algae and microscopic fungi in the reservoir;
d) filtration of water by river mollusks.
26. Typically the most common organisms are:
a) with a wide range of tolerance in relation to all environmental factors in places suitable for existence; +
b) in which the range of tolerance may narrow if conditions for one environmental factor are not optimal;
c) with a wide range of tolerance in relation to one environmental factor and low in relation to another factor;
d) in which the range of tolerance expands during particularly important (critical) periods of the life of organisms (for example, reproduction).
27. Dead tree leaves form litter, which serves as habitat and food for many organisms. What factors does this phenomenon relate to?
a) anthropogenic;
b) biotic; +
c) abiotic;
d) complex action of factors.
28. The hierarchical nature of the organization of living matter allows it to be divided into a number of levels, forming the following series:
a) molecular → cellular → tissue → organ → organismal → biocenotic → population-species → biosphere;
b) molecular → cellular → tissue → organ → organismal → population-species → biosphere → biocenotic;
c) molecular → cellular → tissue → organ → organismal → population-species → biocenotic → biosphere; +
d) molecular → cellular → tissue → organ → organismal → population-species → biocenotic.
29. Net primary productivity is…. :
a) the rate of accumulation of organic substances minus those that were consumed during respiration and secretion during the period under study; +
b) the rate of accumulation of organic substances by producers, including those that were consumed during respiration and secretion during the period under study;
c) the rate of accumulation of phytomass per unit of time;
d) the rate of biomass production per unit time.
30. Soil mosses of the spruce forest belong to the ecological group:
a) heliophytes;
b) chamephytes;
c) sciophytes; +
d) therophytes.
31. National parks in the Russian Federation began to be created:
a) simultaneously with nature reserves;
b) after the Great Patriotic War (late 1940s);
c) after the Stockholm Conference on Environmental Protection (1972);
d) since the mid-1980s. +
32. Eutrophication of water bodies is:
a) a decrease in the amount of dissolved oxygen as a result of its binding to pollutant molecules;
b) direct oppression and death of animal and plant populations as a result of their poisoning by toxic pollutants;
c) an increase in the biomass of blue-green algae, which subsequently leads to a decrease in oxygen concentration; +
d) decrease in ecosystem homeostasis.
33. In order to prevent oil from entering surface and underground waters, it is not allowed:
a) storage of oil in oil storage facilities in watershed areas;
b) storage of oil in oil storage facilities in sanitary protection zones of centralized water supply sources; +
c) transportation of oil through water bodies;
d) transportation of oil through water bodies without the construction of oil collection devices and devices.
34. The use of mineral fertilizers is associated with risk because:
a) most fertilizers do not provide plants with all the necessary nutrients;
b) fertilizers are poorly soluble in rainwater;
c) when washed away from the fields, fertilizers can cause eutrophication of the reservoir; +
d) fertilizers are toxic to trees and forest plants.
35. Dehumification, overconsolidation and salinization of soils are caused by such types of economic activities as:
a) oil and gas production;
b) deforestation;
c) construction of a hydroelectric power station and creation of a reservoir;
d) unsustainable farming. +
36. Plowing green fertilizer (usually legumes) into the soil in order to improve the soil and increase the yield of valuable crops is called:
a) versioning;
b) derivation
c) green manure; +
d) denudation.
37. The main environmental factors limiting life in the Arctic tundra are:
a) low average temperatures that vary seasonally;
b) snow cover in combination with stormy cold winds; +
c) significant humidity and almost daily precipitation;
d) the height of relief elements above sea level, the steepness of the slopes.
studystudy
38.Anatomical and morphological characteristics that indicate the adaptability of organisms to anemochory are:
a) well-defined pigmentation; partially reduced eyes;
b) an increase in body area due to outgrowths and strong dismemberment; +
c) large relative surface, wings with pubescent edges;
d) a small compact body with elongated hind limbs.
39. An indicator of the demographic structure of populations is considered to be:
a) the ratio of female and male individuals; +
b) relationships between individuals of different generations;
c) arrangement of individuals in individual areas;
d) duration of seasonal migrations.
40. Maximum birth rate is determined by:
a) territorial behavior of males;
b) physiological fertility of females;
c) the tendency for newborns to migrate;
d) the wealth of food resources of the population. +
2. Job type- choosing one correct answer out of four proposed with its justification(correct answer - 2 points, justification - from 0 to 2 points) maximum number of points for the test - 4
41. Usually, when attacked by predators, protection in schooling fish associations is realized through:
a) continuous change in the direction of movement of all individuals; +
b) a distracting maneuver by a group of dominant individuals;
c) rapid acceleration of the movement of the entire flock towards the predator;
d) the desire to disperse over as wide a water area as possible.
Typically, fish group in schools only during daylight hours, with visual contact with other individuals, and disperse at night. In wholesale, single fish are caught by predators several times faster than members of a school. The group has a “all-round view”, making it more difficult for a predator to approach unnoticed. In addition, the large number of moving individuals disorients the enemy. The bodies of fish, constantly changing the direction of movement, create a flicker, making it difficult to fix the gaze on individual individuals, and making targeted throws impossible. The flock quickly maneuvers in the face of danger, flowing around the predator, which, having rushed into its middle, finds itself in the void. The behavior of fish in a school is characterized by an imitation reflex - imitation of the actions of neighbors.
42. The circulation of phosphorus and other mineral nutrients within the natural ecosystem is carried out:
a) if the removal of nutrients from soils, which occurs during photosynthesis, is compensated by the application of mineral fertilizers;
b) if waste products containing nutrients are deposited in places where the corresponding elements are absorbed; +
c) if the extraction of nutrients from soils and their movement over long distances outside the ecosystem does not disrupt the cycle;
d) if the rate of accumulation of organic matter at a given trophic level and its transfer to a higher level is balanced.
Justification for choosing the correct answer:
Phosphorus and other mineral nutrients circulate within the ecosystem only when the “waste” containing them is deposited in places where the corresponding element is absorbed. This is mostly what happens in natural ecosystems. However, human intervention, which consists in harvesting crops containing nutrients extracted from the soil and moving them over long distances to places of consumption, disrupts the cycle. Human waste mainly ends up in water bodies. The removal of phosphorus from field soils in modern agriculture is compensated by the application of mineral phosphorus fertilizers obtained from natural apatites.
The available biomass of producers or consumers in specific ecosystems depends on the relationship between the rates of accumulation of organic matter at a certain trophic level and its transfer to a higher level, i.e. How severe is the consumption of the formed reserves?
43. As a natural ecosystem passes through succession phases:
a) the rate of biomass growth increases and at the stage of a mature community reaches its
maximum values;
b) an increasing proportion of available nutrients accumulates in the biotope and in the biomass of the community;
c) the energy value of pasture trophic chains for the biocenosis decreases, and detrital trophic chains increases; +
d) more and more, as in any equilibrium systems, overall productivity increases, energy expenditure during respiration increases.
Justification for choosing the correct answer:
As succession phases progress, an increasing proportion of available nutrients accumulates in the biomass of the community and, accordingly, their content in the abiotic part of the ecosystem (biotope) decreases. As the amount of detritus produced increases, it becomes the main source of nutrition. As a result, the role of pasture chains becomes less significant, and detritus chains become stronger. When an ecosystem approaches a state of menopause, in it, as in any equilibrium systems, all processes slow down.
44. The driving force of ecological succession is:
a) incomplete adaptation of the populations that make up the biocenosis to rhythmic fluctuations of abiotic factors, associated with daily and seasonal changes in the conditions of a given biotope;
b) instability of the habitat, affecting the fundamental properties of biocenoses, associated with an increase in the mass of chemical elements involved in the biological cycle;
c) incompleteness of the continuous, cyclical, natural, but uneven in time and space redistribution of matter, energy and information within a given ecosystem; +
d) instability of species composition and basic forms of biotic relationships, caused by the transition of solar energy assimilated by plants from a concentrated form to a dispersed one.
Justification for choosing the correct answer:
Succession is a process of self-development of communities. Succession is based on the incompleteness of the biological cycle in a given biocenosis. Every living organism, as a result of its vital activity, changes the environment around itself, removing some of the substances from it and saturating it with metabolic products. With a more or less long-term existence of populations, they change their environment in an unfavorable direction and, as a result, find themselves displaced by populations of other species, for which the resulting transformations turn out to be environmentally beneficial.
Biological cycle (biotic) is a phenomenon of continuous, cyclical, natural, but uneven in time and space redistribution of matter, energy and information within ecosystems of various hierarchical levels - from biogeocenosis to the biosphere.
In a natural ecosystem, balance is constantly maintained, excluding the irreversible destruction of certain links in the trophic chain. Almost every ecological system is adapted to rhythmic changes in abiotic factors. The reaction is expressed in a change in the activity of biocenoses and is mainly associated with daily and seasonal changes in environmental conditions.
45. The capacity of the biosphere as a global ecosystem is determined by:
a) the rate of accumulation in the living matter of the biosphere of an increasingly greater proportion of available nutrients and, accordingly, the rate of decrease in their content in the abiotic (inert) part of it;
b) the ability to regenerate substances removed from the natural environment, the regeneration of air and water basins and lands, as well as the power of flows of the biogeochemical cycle; +
c) the speed of development of habitable space through intensive reproduction and the speed at which organisms increase the surface of their bodies and/or the communities they form;
d) the ability to use the radiant energy of the Sun, captured by plants on the surface of the Earth and penetrating into the upper layers of the hydrosphere, for the synthesis of necessary cellular substances.
Justification for choosing the correct answer:
As succession phases progress, an increasing proportion of available nutrients accumulates in the biomass of the community and, accordingly, their content in the abiotic part of the ecosystem decreases.
The biosphere is an area of systemic interaction between living and inert matter of the planet. It represents a global ecosystem - the totality of all biogeocenoses (ecosystems) of our planet.
It is obvious that the biosphere as a single biological system has an appropriate capacity and, given its natural resources, is capable of feeding only a limited number of people.
The capacity of natural ecosystems is determined by their ability to regenerate withdrawn resources and restore the main natural “reservoirs” (air and water basins and lands), as well as the power of biogeochemical cycle flows.
Living matter is characterized by certain properties: the desire to fill the entire surrounding space - “pressure of life” according to N.F. Reimers. The ability to quickly develop space is associated with intensive reproduction and the ability of organisms to intensively increase the surface of their body or the communities they form.
3. Type of task - choosing one correct answer out of four proposed with its justification(correct answer - 2 points,justification for the correct answer - from 0 to 2 points) and justifications for the other three incorrect answers(for each justification from 0 to 2 points). The maximum number of points for the test is 10.
46. Plants of meadow ecosystems are distinguished by a high intensity of photosynthesis, which is the basis for their high economic productivity (above-ground phytomass, cut off during mowing or grazed during grazing). The floristic composition of meadow grass is very diverse, therefore four groups of plants are distinguished according to their economic importance:
cereals, legumes, forbs, sedges. The highest economic
value is characterized by a group that includes:
a) hedgehog assemblage, white beard sticking out, creeping buttercup, cinquefoil (galangal);
b) hedgehog grass, meadow timothy, red clover, common yarrow; +
c) turfgrass, creeping clover, pyramidal sorrel, meadow geranium;
d) common hedgehog, horned lambsfoot, golden buttercup, hairy sedge.
Justification for all answer options:
Answer B is correct. Among the listed species, hedgehog and meadow timothy belong to the group cereals and these two species determine the most economic productivity of the meadow. Among plants, red clover, which belongs to the second group, occupies a special place - legumes, among which this species is the most valuable economically. Common yarrow belongs to the group - forbs, the plants of which are of less valuable fodder value, but this species is of paramount fodder importance, but this species is of paramount fodder importance, compared to other species of this group. Thus, this meadow has high forage value.
Answer a) is not correct. Among the listed species to the group cereals There are two species, of which only the hedgehog has high feeding productivity. Whitebeard protruding forms dense and short turfs with shortened shoots, therefore, compared to other cereals, it has insignificant feeding value. All types of buttercups belong to the group - forbs and have low feeding value; in addition, flowering species significantly reduce the economic productivity of the meadow, since their flowers contain caloids, which negatively affect the health of pasture animals. Cinquefoil (kalangal) also refers to forbs and significantly reduces the forage value of the meadow, since the thick woody rhizome contains a lot of tannins. Thus, the cinquefoil does not have high nutritional value.
Answer c) is not correct. To the group cereals, The most economically valuable species is turfgrass, but its coarse leaves are not of great feeding value. Creeping clover belonging to the group - legumes, is of great economic importance, but due to its short stature, it is inferior to other types of clover in terms of mowing. To the group - forbs, includes meadow geranium and sorrel. Meadow geranium, a rather rough forage, belongs to low-value economic fodder plants. Pyramidal sorrel also belongs to low-value plants and plants that reduce economic productivity, since it has a thick root that goes deep into the soil, a rather rough and tall stem and inflorescence, and the leaves are edible until the seeds ripen. Thus, it has low nutritional value.
Answer d) is not correct. Among the listed plants, only the hedgehog has a high nutritional value and belongs to the group - cereals Lyadvinets horned refers to group - legumes and certainly improves the economic importance of the meadow, like all plants of the legume family, although during the flowering period the plant is poisonous. Golden buttercup, belonging to the group - forbs, Like all buttercups, they contain alkaloids that reflect the economic productivity of the meadow and have a negative effect on animal health. Hairy sedge belongs to the fourth group of plants - cereals, which have the lowest economic productivity. Thus, the meadow has low forage value.
4. Job typeinvolves choicethree most correct answers,out of six proposed. INchoiceOexplain.The maximum score is 6.
47. How will the life of an oak forest change if all herbivorous insects in it are chemically destroyed:
a) there will be an increase in the number of herbivorous animals eating the foliage and bark of trees (elks, wild boars, roe deer, hares, etc.), which will lead to the loss of oak undergrowth;
b) the number of insect-pollinated plants will sharply decrease; +
c) the condition of the oak forest will improve, because most herbivorous insects are pests of trees, eating buds, foliage, bark (bark beetles, leaf rollers, etc.), in their absence the development of trees will be better;
d) the number of insectivorous organisms (consumers of the second order) will sharply decrease or disappear; +
e) some of the chemicals used to kill insects will get into the soil, all violations can lead to the death of the oak forest; +
e) the state will remain stable, because Herbivorous insects killed as a result of chemicals will be replaced in food chains by herbivorous animals, the numbers of which will be regulated by predators and only some changes in food chains will occur.
Justification for correct answers: b) since herbivorous insects are plant pollinators; d) because there will be a disruption in the power supply circuits; e) because it will initially lead to disruption of plant life, death of soil flora and fauna and, accordingly, to the death of the biocenosis.
Evaluation of the solution to problem 47:
| The answer includes all the elements mentioned above and gives a full explanation of them | |
| The answer includes 2-3 of the above elements and does not contain biological and environmental errors, OR the answer includes 2-3 of the above elements, but contains minor biological errors | |
| The answer includes 1 of the above items | |
| Wrong answer | |
| Maximum score |
On April 20-21, 2017, according to the plan of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the XV All-Russian Student Olympiad in Ecology and Environmental Management was held at the Faculty of Geography, Geoecology and Tourism of Voronezh State University. The main goal of the Olympiad, held annually by the faculty for 15 years, is to identify gifted students, enhance the cognitive and scientific activities of students in the field of fundamental and applied environmental sciences, as well as improve the professional qualifications of students studying in the field of “Ecology and Environmental Management” in the field of practical solutions to regional environmental problems, preparation for future work in environmental scientific and practical organizations, integrated and sectoral environmental agencies, in the field of environmental and geographical education.
The 2017 Olympiad was attended by 47 students from 16 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, including federal, classical and pedagogical state universities in such cities as Moscow /MGIMO, RUDN University/, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Tver, Kursk, Tambov, Volgograd, Belgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Samara, Dubna of the Moscow region, the republics of Mari El, Udmurtia, Chechnya and, of course, the city of Voronezh, which was represented by teams from Voronezh universities: engineering technologies, technical, VSU (teams from the faculties of biomedical, and also geography, geoecology and tourism) and the Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.
The program of the Olympiad included a variety of theoretical and practical competitions in general ecology, ecological climatology, remote sensing and geographic information technologies, ecogeochemistry, geobotany and biodiversity protection, human ecology, as well as the intellectual game “Ecological Brain Ring”. The organizing committee was headed by the dean of the Faculty of Geography, Geoecology and Tourism of VSU, chairman of the Voronezh regional branch of the Russian Geographical Society, professor IN AND. Fedotov , and the jury included famous environmental scientists from Voronezh: professors S.A. Kurolap And AND I. Grigorievskaya ; associate professors T.I. Prozhorina, M.A. Klevtsova, O.V. Prokhorova, S.A. Eprintsev; Art. teacher P.M. Vinogradov; teachers D.R. Vladimirov, M.V. Derevyagina, M.O. Maslova; master's students O.V. Yakimenko and E.A. Mazurova.
First place (winner of the Olympiad) was taken by our VSU geoecologist student Bykova Daria , in second place is a student Shkolnykh Dmitry from Volgograd State University, and in third place – student Reshetnyak Victor from the Southern Federal University (Rostov-on-Don). In the team competition, our VSU students also won, and among other universities, the leading positions were taken by the teams of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Volgograd and St. Petersburg State Universities, and MGIMO University of the Russian Foreign Ministry. Among non-core /technical/ universities, the team performed most successfully Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies .
The Olympics successfully ended with a tour of historical and cultural places in the city of Voronezh.
The material was prepared by Doctor of Geological Sciences, Professor S. Kurolap
Photo materials provided by S. Ilyin
Registration for the Lomonosov Olympiad for schoolchildren in the Ecology profile (Ecology and environmental management, Soil science) is open. Details in the attached file.
On March 2, 2019, the final stage of the Lomonosov Schoolchildren Olympiad in Ecology took place. In the Lomonosov building of Moscow State University, 206 schoolchildren completed the task: 107 students in grades 10-11, 66 students in grades 8-9 and 33 students in grades 5-7. Three regional sites operated in parallel - in Krasnoyarsk (20 schoolchildren), St. Petersburg (7 schoolchildren) and Astana (in the Kazakhstan branch of Moscow State University - 1 schoolchildren). TOTAL - 234 schoolchildren participated in the final stage.
Many thanks to the members of the organizing committee of the Olympiad, students and graduate students who provided assistance in organizing and conducting the final stage!!
The jury is currently working. The results of the Olympiad will be announced in two weeks.
The lecture is held on November 8, 2018 at 18.30 in auditorium M-2 (second floor) of the biology and soil building of Moscow State University (Lenin Hills, Moscow State University, building 1, building 12).
https://olymp.msu.ru/rus/event/5291/
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WE ARE WELCOME TO ALL INTERESTED FUTURE OLYMPIAD PARTICIPANTS AT THE LECTURES-CONSULTATIONS ON NOVEMBER 8, 2018 AT 6:30 PM!!!
On March 10, 2018, the final stage of the Lomonosov Schoolchildren Olympiad in Ecology took place. In the Lomonosov building of Moscow State University, 179 schoolchildren completed the task: 87 students in grades 10-11, 62 students in grades 8-9, and 30 students in grades 5-7. Four regional sites operated in parallel - in Barnaul, Belgorod, Surgut and Tyumen. Many thanks to the members of the organizing committee of the Olympiad, students and graduate students who provided assistance in conducting the final stage!!
Dear schoolchildren and teachers living in Moscow and the Moscow region!
The Organizing Committee of the Lomonosov Olympiad on Ecology invites you to a lecture-consultation on the specifics of holding the Olympiad.
The lecture is held on November 9, 2017 at 18.30 in auditorium M-2 (second floor) of the biology and soil building of Moscow State University (Lenin Hills, Moscow State University, building 1, building 12).
All lectures and consultations on various subjects are organized with the support of the Moscow Department of Education.
At the lecture, teachers will introduce you to the features of the tasks of the Lomonosov Olympiad in the Ecology profile, talk about organizational issues and approaches to completing tasks. Students in grades 5-11 are invited.
To participate in the lecture, students must register.
Current information about registration is posted on the Olympiad portal at: https://olymp.msu.ru/rus/event/4580/
Registration (specifically for the lecture, and not for participating in the Olympiad itself) ends one working day before it starts .
WE ARE WELCOME TO ALL INTERESTED FUTURE OLYMPIAD PARTICIPANTS AT THE LECTURES-CONSULTATIONS ON NOVEMBER 9, 2017 AT 6:30 PM!!!
Sincerely, Organizing Committee of the Olympiad "Lomonosov" in the field of "Ecology"
Dear schoolchildren!
September 19, 2017 at 17-30 at the Faculty of Soil Science will take place "Round table" on Problems in the field of Ecology.
The objectives of the Round Table are as follows:
1. Discuss in which areas of environmental science it is possible to carry out research work at the Faculty of Soil Science;
2. Discuss possible topics of scientific research in the theoretical stage of the final rounds of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in ecology 2017-2018.
Researchers, teachers and graduate students of the Faculty of Soil Science will take part in the Round Table.
To participate in the Round Table, please Necessarily report by September 18 inclusive your - first name, last name, class and school number so that you can prepare a pass to enter the building of the Faculty of Soil Science.
Dear participants of the final (in-person) stage of the Olympiad Lomonosov-2017 in Ecology! The display of works and the appeal will take place at the Faculty of Soil Science of Moscow State University (biology and soil building) March 27 (Monday) from 14-00 to 17-00 in recreation in front of the M-2 audience Faculty of Soil Science. To enter the building, you must have a passport (if you already have one) or a pass that was issued during registration.
Important information for future winners and runners-up!!
In the year of ecology in Russia, the Faculty of Biology of Moscow University conducts the educational program "Ecological School of Moscow State University" at the International Children's Center "Artek", Kiparisny camp, Republic of Crimea, from May 28 to June 17, 2017.
According to the regulations on competitive selection for participation in the thematic program "Ecological School of Moscow State University" in Artek, students in grades 5-10 who received the status of winner or prize-winner of the Olympiads of Moscow State University "Lomonosov" in biology and ecology in the 2016-17 academic year are awarded with a voucher.
Contact numbers: +79680023178, 84959392749
On March 4, 2017, the final stage of the Lomonosov Schoolchildren Olympiad in Ecology took place. In the Shuvalovsky building, the task was completed by 136 schoolchildren, 80 students in grades 10-11, 30 students in grades 8-9 and 26 students in grades 5-7. Two regional sites operated in parallel - in Vladivostok and Ufa. Many thanks to the students, graduate students and faculty staff who provided assistance in carrying out the final stage!!
The jury is currently working. The results of the Olympiad will be announced at the end of March.
Dear winners and prize-winners of the qualifying stage of the Lomonosov Olympiad in ecology in the 2016-2017 academic year!
We are pleased to invite you to the final (in-person) stage, which will take place March 04, 2017 at 11 o'clock by Moscow time. In Moscow, the final stage will take place at Moscow State University, in the Shuvalovsky building.. The possibility of holding the Olympiad at regional venues is being clarified.
The following are allowed to participate in the full-time stage:
- Winners and prize-winners of the final stage of the 2014/2015 academic year. To participate in the full-time stage, in addition to the documents required during registration, they must provide a copy of the winner’s diploma or a printed version of its electronic version.
Registration participants in the final stage of the Lomonosov Olympiad for schoolchildren in ecology will be held at the Faculty of Soil Science of Moscow State University, located in the biological and soil building at Leninskie Gory, building 1, building 12. Travel to the biological and soil building from the Universitet metro station: trolleybus 34, bus 47, 67, 103, 113, 130, 187, 260 to the Mendeleevskaya Street stop.
AT THE FACULTY OF SOIL SCIENCE YOU NEED TO WALK PAST AUDITORIUM M-2 DOWN, TO THE GROUND FLOOR, TO AUDIENCE 99.
Registration schedule for the final stage of the Lomonosov Olympiad in ecology
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Moscow region and other regions |
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registration of participants from Moscow, Moscow region and other regions |
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registration of participants from Moscow, Moscow region and other regions |
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registration of ONLY participants from other regions |
For non-resident participants there is the possibility of accommodation in the Moscow State University dormitory.
Dormitory provided by prior request only. Limited number of seats. The dormitory is provided to participants who have permanent registration outside the fifth zone of the Moscow Railway. If you have any questions, please contact us by email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You must have JavaScript enabled to view it.
To register, the participant personally submits the following documents:
- original passport and its photocopy(there is no need to certify a copy) if the participant has reached the age of majority (14 years). For participants under 14 years of age, the identity document is a certificate certified by the seal of a secondary educational institution with a photograph (the seal must cover the corner of the photograph);
- original a certificate from a secondary educational institution confirming the student’s status;
- three matte photographs 3x4, made within the last three months ( paper photocopies of photographs will not be accepted) ;
- participant statement(to be completed upon registration);
Consent of adult participants, as well as the consent of parents (legal representatives) of minors who have declared their participation in the Olympiad, to the collection, storage, use, distribution (transfer) and publication of personal data of their minor children, as well as their Olympiad works, including on the Internet (in free written form). The document form can be downloaded below. Without this document signed by the parents of minor participants in the final stage, we will not be able to register them! from November 2 to December 11, 2015. 1,409 schoolchildren from grades 2 to 11 from 76 regions of the Russian Federation, as well as students from Kazakhstan, Belarus, Ukraine and Mt. took part in the Lomonosov Olympiad in ecology. Everest Academy (San Diego, USA). The task for grades 10-11 was completed by 678 schoolchildren, tasks for grades 5-7 and grades 8-9 - 731 students. The list of winners and prize-winners of the qualifying stage will soon appear on
Certificates from participants in the final stage of the Olympiad will be available at the Faculty of Soil Science of Moscow State University from June 27 to July 10, 2015, during opening hours.
Certificates will be sent to non-resident participants of the full-time stage by mail.
10-11 CLASS
TASK I
Selecting one correct answer out of four possible
Maximum points – 50
2. A community that forms in an area where there has never been life before is called:
a) serial; b) menopause;
c) pioneer; d) secondary.
3. The doctrine of the biosphere was created by:
c) V. I. Vernadsky; d) V.I. Sukachev.
4. Bioindication is a method that allows you to judge:
5. Species diversity of living organisms on earth:
a) increases as you move from south to north;
b) decreases as you move from north to south;
c) increases as you move from west to east;
d) increases as you move from north to south.
6. Mutually beneficial existence, when the presence of a partner is a condition for the existence of each of the partners, is called:
a) commensalism; b) ammensalism;
7. The development of biocenoses, in which one community is replaced by another, is called:
8. Ecosystems of the Far North in comparison with forest ecosystems of central Russia:
9. The migration of silica in the biosphere is complex and multi-stage. In particular, silicon dissolved in ocean waters is absorbed:
10. Biological methods of plant protection in forestry include:
a) treating trees with pesticides; b) collecting pests manually;
c) the use of light traps; d) use of ants.
11. Eutrophication of water bodies is determined by the increasing role in the community:
a) small forms in zooplankton; b) blue-green algae;
c) detritivores in benthos; d) large predatory fish.
12. The change in the number of predators in response to an increase in the number of individuals of the species they consume is due to:
A ) a change in the food supply and consists in increasing the number of predator individuals due to successful reproduction;
13. An indicator of the demographic structure of a population is considered to be:
a) the ratio of female and male individuals;
b) relationships between individuals of different generations;
c) arrangement of individuals in individual areas;
14. The term “biocenosis”, proposed by the German zoologist K. Mobius, means:
c) a set of homogeneous natural elements (atmosphere, vegetation, fauna and microorganisms, soil and hydrological conditions) on a certain area of the Earth’s surface;
15. The growth of nettles in the forest indicates the following phenomenon:
a) soil salinization;
b) high soil acidity;
c) increased content of mineral nitrogen and recreational load;
d) low recreational load and soil poor in nutrients.
16. The impact on the body, leading to adaptation to changed environmental conditions, is determined by a set of interconnected significant environmental factors. This is the wording:
17. Plowing of virgin and fallow lands in Kazakhstan by the end of the 1950s. called:
b) wind erosion;
c) soil compaction;
18. Classification of natural resources according to exhaustibility includes biological resources:
a) to inexhaustible;
d) to irreplaceable.
19. An aerosol consisting of smoke, fog and dust is called:
a) child; b) fog;
c) smog; d) smoke.
20. Standards for maximum permissible concentrations (MAC) of pollutants in the air are developed by hygienists and approved:
a) at the regional level; b) in each specific city;
c) at the federal level;d) at the international level.
21. The entry of phosphates into water bodies causes:
22. A system of organizational, economic and technological measures to radically improve the soil, microclimatic and water conditions of a territory, mainly in the interests of agriculture or human life, is called:
c) anti-erosion measures;d) moisture regulation.
23. National parks are created:
24. Activities aimed at preliminary determining the nature and degree of danger of all potential types of impact, and assessing the environmental, economic and social consequences of the project are called:
b) environmental audit;
d) licensing.
25. The amount of energy transferred from 1 trophic level to another is based on the amount of energy of the previous level:
a) 1%; b) 5%; at 10 o'clock%; d)15%.
26. The doctrine of the biosphere was created by:
a) K. Linnaeus; b) V.V. Dokuchaev;
c) V. I. Vernadsky; d) V.I. Sukachev.
27. Bioindication is a method that allows you to judge:
a) about the vegetation cover in the urban environment based on the presence of chlorophyll mutations;
b) about the state of the environment based on external signs of park vegetation;
c) about the state of the environment based on the presence or absence of organisms, as well as on the characteristics of their development;
d) on the state of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems for individual groups of protozoa.
28. The entire spectrum of substances and conditions surrounding an organism in that part of space where it lives and with which it directly interacts is called:
a) factor; b) environment;
c) edaphotope; d) biotope.
29. The development of biocenoses, in which one community is replaced by another, is called:
a) environmental plasticity; b) environmental valency;
c) divergence; d) succession.
30. Regularly recurring rises and falls of populations are called:
a) outbreaks of numbers; b) secondary successions;
c) primary successions; d) waves of life.
31. Ecosystems of the Far North in comparison with forest ecosystems of central Russia:
a) more stable and diverse; b) extremely vulnerable;
c) are no different; d) quite stable.
32. Adaptive biological rhythms differ from purely physiological rhythms in that they arose as adaptations:
a) to maintain the continuous functioning of organisms;
b) to regular environmental changes in the environment;
c) to episodic effects of biotic environmental factors;
d) to regulate the birth rate and mortality of organisms.
33. The migration of silica in the biosphere is complex and multi-stage. In particular, silicon dissolved in ocean waters is absorbed:
a) brown algae and various crustaceans;
b) diatoms, sponges and radiolarians;
c) green algae, fish and echinoderms;
d) cyanobacteria, golden algae and various mollusks.
34. Transgenic plants are:
a) plants with a modified genotype:
b) plants exposed to radiation:
c) plants repeatedly treated with chemicals:
d) plants acclimatized in extreme conditions:
35. For animals living in the Arctic Circle, physical thermoregulation is more environmentally beneficial, which manifests itself:
a) in the construction of complex burrows, nests, short and long-distance migrations;
b) in the reflex narrowing and expansion of blood vessels of the skin;
c) in enhancing metabolic processes, in particular lipid metabolism;
d) in the oxidation of specialized brown adipose tissue.
36. An indicator of the demographic structure of a population is considered to be:
a) the ratio of females and males
b) relationships between individuals of different generations
c) arrangement of individuals in individual areas
d) duration of seasonal migrations.
37. The term “biocenosis”, proposed by the German zoologist K. Mobius, means:
a) a set of populations of various species of plants, animals and microbes that interact with each other and their environment in such a way that this set persists indefinitely;
b) a space with more or less homogeneous conditions, inhabited by one or another community of organisms that compete with each other and form ecological niches;
c) a set of homogeneous natural elements (atmosphere, vegetation, fauna and microorganisms, soil and hydrological conditions) on a certain area of the Earth’s surface.
d) a set of populations of plants, animals and microorganisms adapted to live together within a certain volume of space.
38. Several species of sparrows live in Central Asia, which can produce fertile offspring when crossed. However, in nature there is practically no hybridization between them, which is due to:
a) differences in marital behavior;
b) living at different altitudes from sea level;
c) difference in the color scheme of plumage;
d) different flight speeds.
39. The impact on the body, leading to adaptation to changed environmental conditions, is determined by a set of interconnected significant environmental factors. This is the wording:
a) the law of relative independence of adaptation;
b) the law of indispensability of fundamental factors;
c) the law of the cumulative action of factors (Mitscherlich-Tinnemann-Bauli, 1909-1918);
d) rules of interaction of factors (Rübel, 1930).
40. The ozone layer is destroyed:
a) molecular nitrogen; b) chlorofluorocarbons;
c) zinc dioxide; d) carbon dioxides.
41. Standards for maximum permissible concentrations (MAC) of pollutants in the air are developed by hygienists and approved:
a) at the regional level;
b) in each specific city;
c) at the federal level;
d) at the international level.
42. The entry of phosphates into water bodies causes:
a) industrial smog; b) eutrophication;
c) death of fish; d) bioaccumulation.
43. A system of organizational, economic and technological measures to radically improve the soil, microclimatic and water conditions of a territory, mainly in the interests of agriculture or human life, is called:
a) land reclamation; b) reclamation;
c) anti-erosion measures; d) moisture regulation.
44. National parks are created:
a) in territories completely unaffected by economic activity or in territories little changed by human activity to preserve unique natural landscapes;
b) in territories within which certain types and forms of economic activity are prohibited, in order to protect one or more species of living beings or biogeocenoses;
c) in areas little changed or not affected by economic activity or in areas of ancient human development to preserve typical natural landscapes;
d) in large areas, including specially protected natural landscapes, which, in addition to preserving natural complexes, are intended for recreational purposes.
45. Checking the compliance of the enterprise’s activities with legislative and regulatory environmental requirements, as well as assessing the environmental control and management system at the enterprise is called:
a) environmental impact assessment;
b) environmental audit;
c) environmental impact assessment;
d) licensing.
46. Activities aimed at preliminary determining the nature and degree of danger of all potential types of impact, and assessing the environmental, economic and social consequences of the project are called:
a) environmental impact assessment;
b) environmental audit;
c) environmental impact assessment;
d) licensing.
47. Rational environmental management implies:
a) activities aimed at meeting the needs of humanity;
b) activities aimed at scientifically based use, reproduction and protection of natural resources;
c) mining and processing of minerals;
d) activities that support industrial and economic human activity.
48. The biological method of purifying water from contaminants is based on the use of:
a) microorganisms;
b) ultraviolet;
c) ozone;
d) chlorine.
49. The main reason for the emergence of a “nuclear winter”, which will occur in the event of a nuclear war, is the following:
a) light radiation;
b) gamma radiation;
c) aerosols;
d) radionuclides.
50. The use and protection of natural resources must be carried out on the basis of anticipation and the maximum possible prevention of negative consequences of environmental management, which is called the rule:
a) the priority of nature conservation over its use;
b) increasing the degree (intensification) of environmental management;
c) regional nature management;
d) forecasting environmental management.
TASK II
The correct answer to the question is worth 2 points. If there is at least one error, 0 points.
The maximum number of points for a task is 6
A. Organism. 1. Living organisms of the lake.
B. Population. 2. Lichen.
B. Biocenosis. 3. Steppe.
G. Biogeocenosis. 4. Seals of Lake Baikal.
D. Agrocenosis. 5. Wheat field.
A. A species that is under threat of complete extinction, the number of surviving individuals of which is insufficient for self-sustaining population in
natural conditions.
B. A species whose morphological and/or behavioral characteristics do not correspond to modern living conditions.
B. A species that lives only in a given region and does not live in others.
D. A species whose morphological and/or behavioral characteristics include its representatives in economic circulation.
1. Endangered species.
2. Operated type.
3. Endemic species.
4. Endangered species
TASK III
1. Today, our country operates 10 nuclear power plants (a total of 33 power units with an installed capacity of 24.2 GW), which generate about 16% of all electricity produced. One of the main scientific and technical problems of the nuclear fuel complex, along with ensuring safety, is the problem of disposal of radioactive waste.
Radioactive waste cannot be neutralized chemically because:
a) there are no chemical substances with which radioisotopes interact;
b) during chemical interactions there are no nuclear transformations;
c) there is a lot of radioactive waste and neutralizing it chemically is unprofitable, dangerous, and the process takes a lot of time;
d) nuclear waste is a mixture of various chemical elements.
2 . The most dangerous enemies of aphids are parasites, the larvae of which develop in the body of the aphid, devouring it from the inside. The Hamiltonella bacterium, which lives in the cells of aphids, produces toxins that are fatal to the ichneumon parasite larvae. American entomologists from the universities of Georgia and Arizona have experimentally shown that effective protection of aphids from parasites is provided not by any bacteria, but only by those infected with the bacteriophage virus APSE. The genes for the toxic proteins needed to destroy the ichneumon wasp larvae are found in the genome of the virus, not the bacteria. This is one of the first described cases where it is thanks to the virus that the relationship between an insect and a bacterium is ensured:
a) mutualism; b) commensalism;
c) amensalism; d) neutralism
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a) take measures to clean rivers and standing reservoirs
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4. Pectins are a group of high-molecular compounds, natural polymers of D-galacturonic acid, which are found in vegetables and fruits. Pectins are recommended for use in the prevention of chronic poisoning in lead production workers. This recommendation is based on the properties of pectins:
a) reduce the acidity of the environment in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby providing a bactericidal effect on pathogenic bacteria;
b) envelop the intestinal wall and thereby increase the absorption of biogenic toxins;
c) form strong complex compounds (pectinates) with heavy metals;
d) weaken the work (peristalsis) of the intestines.
5. Tulka is a fish of standing waters. She lived in the Black and Azov Seas, innorthern, marginal, part of the Caspian Sea and in the lower reaches of the Volga. Currently, the sprat has spread throughout almost the entire Volga, right up to the upper reaches. The uncontrolled spread of sprat was facilitated by the creation on the Volga:
b) hydroelectric power stations;
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TASK IV
up to 3 points
The maximum number of points for the task is 14
1. In medieval Europe, starting from the 14th century, with subsequent plague epidemics
the mortality rate was lower. This could be due primarily to the fact that:
d) immunity appeared.
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2. The region of the Southern Ocean, stretching from the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula east to the South Sandwich Islands (Scotia Sea), has always been highly productive, which allowed humans to catch a large number of fish, pinnipeds and cetaceans. However, two species of small penguins - the Adélie penguin (which lives on ice fields) and the chinstrap penguin (which feeds in open water), which feed on zooplankton - have never been subject to strong anthropogenic pressure. However, over the past 30 years, penguin numbers have declined by 75%. According to scientists from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the main reason is:
a) in increasing the production of baleen whales and commercial fish species;
b) in the reduction of penguin habitat due to the transportation of icebergs to arid areas;
c) a reduction in the food supply of penguins due to the disappearance as a result of warming of the habitat of green algae living on the surface of ice floes;
d) reducing the industrial production of krill.
Maximum number of points 90
Preview:
ANSWERS
CITY OLYMPIAD FOR SCHOOLCHILDREN IN ECOLOGY
10-11 grade
For each answer 1 point.
The maximum number of points is 50.
Job No. | Answer | Job No. | Answer |
TASK II
Maximum number of points – 6
2, 6, 8 | 1, 4, 7 | 3, 5,9 |
TASK III Correct answer – 2 points, justification – from 0 to 2 points.
The maximum number of points per question is 4 points.
The maximum number of points for a task is 20
1. Answer B is correct . The radioactivity of isotopes, including radioactive waste, is determined by the energy instability of the nucleus, i.e. During radioactive decay, the nucleus changes and the nucleus of a new chemical element is formed. Chemical reactions do not change the nuclei of atoms; all changes and interactions occur at the level of electronic shells.
2. Answer a) is correct. The presence of a bacterium infected with a virus in the body of an aphid is beneficial both for the insect (fight against parasites) and for the bacterium itself (habitat). Consequently, we are talking about mutualism - mutually beneficial cohabitation, when the presence of a partner becomes a prerequisite for the existence of each of them
3. Answer c) is correct. Since eggs and larvae live in the soil, adult insects stay on the soil surface, feed on grass, grazing, and burning grass are limiting factors, and their prohibition is necessary to preserve the species.
4. The correct answer is c.
Pectin has acquired particular practical significance in the last three decades, when information appeared about the ability of pectin, forming complexes (so-called pectinates), to remove heavy metals (lead, mercury, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, etc.) and long-lived ( with a half-life of several decades) isotopes of cesium, strontium, yttrium, etc., as well as the ability to absorb and remove from the body biogenic toxins, anabolic steroids, xenobiotics, metabolic products and biologically harmful substances that can accumulate in the body: cholesterol, bile acids, urea, mast cell lysis products. For more than twenty years, pectins have been recommended for use in the prevention of chronic poisoning of workers in lead production.
5. Answer b) is correct.
The construction of hydroelectric power stations is associated with the construction of dams and reservoirs. The flow in reservoirs slows down, which creates favorable conditions for their colonization by sprat, which lives in stagnant reservoirs.
TASK IV
Correct answer – 2 points, justification for the correct answer – from 0 to 2 points,justifications for the other three incorrect answers up to 3 points (for each correct justification 1 point). The maximum score for a question is 7 points.
1. Answer b) is correct.One of the factors in the spread of plague pathogens was unsanitary conditions in medieval settlements (abundance of waste, rodents, poor development of medicine). At the end of the Middle Ages, the way of life of Europeans changed, and stricter sanitary and hygienic standards began to be introduced and observed in urban utilities.
2. Answer a) is not correct. Increased production of baleen whales and commercial fish species that also feed on zooplankton should have led to an expansion of the food supply and an increase, rather than a decrease, in the number of penguins.
Answer b) is not correct. Transporting icebergs to arid regions of the Earth is so far only a theoretical megaproject. In addition, a decrease in ice cover would lead to a reduction in the habitat of one of the penguin species - the Adélie penguin, which lives on ice fields. For the second species, the chinstrap penguin, which feeds in open water, melting ice (in the absence of other factors) would lead to an expansion of habitat and, accordingly, numbers.
Answer c) is correct.The number of green algae living on the surface of ice floes will decrease due to melting ice as a result of warming. Since algae serve as food for zooplankton, and both species of penguins feed on zooplankton, this will lead to a reduction in the food supply and, accordingly, the number of the latter.
Answer c) is not correct. As a result of the reduction in industrial production of krill crustaceans (a representative of zooplankton), which penguins feed on, the food supply of the latter will increase, which will lead (in the absence of other factors) to a corresponding increase, rather than a decrease, in numbers.
Preview:
9TH GRADE
TASK I
Select one correct answer out of four possible.
The task includes 50 questions, each of them has 4 possible answers. For each question, select only one answer that you consider the most complete and correct, and circle it.
For each correct answer, 1 point is awarded.
1. The sustainability of natural ecosystems is related to:
a) with high plant productivity;
b) with the presence of a mass of organic matter;
c) with great species diversity;
d) with intense activity of microorganisms.
2. Of the examples listed below, the chain of primary succession is:
a) mosses - lichens - herbaceous plants;
b) lichens – herbaceous plants – mosses;
c) lichens – mosses – herbaceous plants;
d) herbaceous plants – mosses – lichens.
3. A community that forms in an area where there has never been life before is called:
a) serial; b) menopause;
c) pioneer; d) secondary.
4. The amount of energy transferred from 1 trophic level to another is based on the amount of energy of the previous level:
a) 1% b) 5% c) 10% d) 15%
5. The productivity of ecosystems in the coral reef area is higher than the productivity of most areas of the World Ocean near the equator, because organisms there receive more:
a) sunlight; b) heat;
c) oxygen; d) batteries.
6. Acclimatization is:
b) a new hereditarily fixed form that arises as a result of the elimination of phenotypes that are unstable under given conditions;
c) the first individual physiological reaction to environmental change;
7. Adaptation is:
a) the process of breeding new breeds of animals and plant varieties;
b) a new hereditarily fixed form that arises as a result of the elimination of phenotypes that are unstable under given conditions;
c) the first individual physiological reaction to changes in the environment;
d) genetic variability under the influence of mutagenic factors.
8. Organisms capable of synthesizing organic substances from inorganic ones using external energy sources are called:
a) destructors; b) detritivores;
c) producers; d) decomposers.
9. Relationships of the “predator-prey” type are entered into by:
a) osprey and roach;b) harrier and river perch;
c) cuckoo and cuckoo; d) white-backed woodpecker and nightjar.
10. Inhabitants (animals and plants) of waters or soils with high salinity are called:
a) troglobionts; b) galls;
c) halobionts; d) halophobes.
11. Only in an aquatic environment is it possible:
a) the appearance of the external skeleton;
b) absorption of sunlight by organisms;
c) the appearance of five-fingered limbs;
d) the emergence of a filtration type of nutrition.
12. Organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic components and can also feed on ready-made organic compounds are called:
a) saprotrophs;
b) osmotofa;
c) mixotrophs;
d) heterotrophs.
13. The pattern according to which the amount of energy at each higher trophic level progressively decreases is called:
a) the rule of the ecological pyramid;
b) law 100 percent;
c) the law of homological series;
d) the rule of tolerance.
14. The change in the number of predators in response to an increase in the number of individuals of the species they consume is due to:
a) a change in the food supply and consists in increasing the number of predator individuals due to successful reproduction;
b) the rate of development by individuals of the consumed species of food supply and consists in slowing down the growth of the number of reproductive individuals;
c) modification of the abiotic conditions of the habitat of the consumed species and consists in a weak reaction to the potential prey;
d) a decrease in the ecological density of a particular consumed species and consists of selection for better development of sensory organs.
15. Natural population movement is:
a) migration; b) population reproduction;
c) birth rate; d) mortality.
16. Plowing of virgin and fallow lands in Kazakhstan by the end of the 1950s. called:
a) accumulation of excess moisture in the soil and, as a consequence, the development of waterlogging;
b) wind erosion;
c) soil compaction;
d) increased evaporation of soil moisture and, as a consequence, the development of soil salinization.
17. Classification of natural resources according to exhaustibility includes biological resources:
a) to inexhaustible;
b) to exhaustible, potentially renewable;
c) to exhaustible, non-renewable;
d) to irreplaceable.
18. An increase in water temperature in reservoirs due to thermal pollution contributes to:
a) loss of dissolved oxygen by water;
b) absorption of nitrogen from atmospheric air;
c) increased reproduction of cryophilic organisms;
d) closing the biological cycle.
19. The cause of the formation and precipitation of acid precipitation is:
a) the presence of sulfates of marine origin in precipitation over the oceans, which, entering the upper layers of the atmosphere, turn into acid in the air and disperse over land;
b) physical capture by settling water particles of various chemical substances (mainly sulfur and nitrogen oxides) present in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic activities;
c) a complex sequence of reactions under conditions of photochemical smog in bright sunlight in large cities, the atmosphere of which is heavily polluted by automobile exhaust;
d) combined effects of chemicals and physical factors such as temperature, sound and vibration, various electromagnetic radiation, including light and ionizing radiation.
20. The entry of phosphates into water bodies causes:
a) industrial smog; b) eutrophication;
c) death of fish; d) bioaccumulation.
21. The largest source of sulfur dioxide causing the formation
acid rain are:
a) hydroelectric power stations;
b) nuclear power plants;
c) thermal power plants;
d) wind power plants.
22. Species of plants and animals, the representatives of which are found most often
inhabited regions of the Earth are called:
a) ubiquists;
b) cosmopolitans;
c) endemics;
d) euryphages.
23. In a natural biogeocenosis, the following interact:
a) anthropogenic and abiotic factors;
b) anthropogenic and biotic factors;
c) abiotic and biotic factors;
d) anthropogenic, abiotic and biotic factors.
24. Changes in the structure of the body as a result of adaptation to the environment are:
a) morphological adaptation;
b) physiological adaptation;
c) ethological adaptation.
d) psychological adaptation.
25. The rare European subspecies of the woodpecker is characterized by a pronounced affinity for old-growth oak forests. The close ecological connection with the oak tree makes the average woodpecker extremely vulnerable due to the widespread destruction of oak forests. The habitat of the common woodpecker is most threatened by:
a) landscape felling, in which trees of different ages are cut down evenly;
b) selective felling, in which trees of less valuable species than oak and small-leaved species are removed;
c) gradual felling, in which mature trees are cut down around groups of undergrowth gradually over 30–40 years;
d) thinning, in which shrunken, damaged, weakened trees affected by harmful insects and diseases are removed.
26. The statement “the size of the system must correspond to its functions” reflects the effect of the law:
A) optimality;
B) internal dynamic equilibrium;
C) completeness of the system components;
D) ecological correlation.
27. A biosphere reserve differs from a natural reserve mainly:
A) a stricter security regime;
B) the mandatory presence of an ecosystem typical for a given geographical zone;
B) a significantly larger territory or water area;
d) complex zoning of the territory in order to preserve the natural complex in combination with the development of methods of sustainable environmental management
28. In mature and overmature even-aged forests of Siberia and the Russian Far East, rational industrial forest management corresponds to:
A) selective felling;
B) thinning;
B) clear cuttings;
D) selective and clear cuttings.
29. Name the sector of the economy that ranks first in terms of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere:
A) ferrous metallurgy;
B) chemical industry;
B) electric power industry;
D) road transport.
30. Choose a type of environmental management that is adapted to the fragility of landscapes and is based on the careful use of renewable resources.
A) mining;
B) nomadic reindeer herding;
B) logging;
D) construction of pipelines.
31. UNESCO is:
a) Child Development Assistance Fund;
b) International Organization for the Fight against Poverty;
c) An organization under the UN that oversees issues of science, culture and education;
d) International public independent environmental organization.
32. National parks are created:
a) in territories completely unaffected by economic activity or in territories little changed by human activity to preserve unique natural landscapes;
b) in territories within which certain types and forms of economic activity are prohibited, in order to protect one or more species of living beings or biogeocenoses;
c) in areas little changed or not affected by economic activity or in areas of ancient human development to preserve typical natural landscapes;
d) in large areas, including specially protected natural landscapes, which, in addition to preserving natural complexes, are intended for recreational purposes.
33. Agenda 21 was adopted at the Rio de Janeiro conference:
a) in 1972; b) in 1982; c) in 1992; d) in 2002
34. The type of monitoring in which the condition of plants in forests is monitored is called:
a) geophysical
b) biological
c) meteorological
d) seismological.
35. When fluorescent lamps break down, they release ions that are hazardous to health:
a) mercury; b) lead; c) calcium; d) cobalt.
36. Urbanization consists of:
a) The growing share of the urban population (relative to the rural population) on the planet;
b) Population growth on the planet;
C) An increase in the level of environmental pollution from urban waste;
D) Strengthening scientific and technological progress in cities.
37. Territories specifically designed for recreation and restoration of human health are:
a) residential areas;
b) recreational areas;
c) agrocenoses;
d) industrial zones.
38. The essence of V.I. Vernadsky’s teaching about the biosphere is:
a) in recognizing the exceptional role of “living matter” that transforms the appearance of the planet;
b) in determining the upper and lower boundaries of the biosphere within the planet;
c) in identifying geological mechanisms of biosphere stability;
d) in establishing the law of feedback of interaction in the “man-biosphere” system.
39. The function of the biosphere in the formation of the earth’s crust is realized through:
a) green plants involved in the process of photosynthesis;
b) living matter participating in geological processes;
c) inert substance participating in geological processes;
c) individual living organisms that process soil humus.
40. The unsuccessful fight of humanity against such a dangerous disease as malaria is associated with addiction:
a) a person to illness;
b) a pathogen causing climate change;
c) pathogens to drugs;
d) a person to medicines.
41. Analyze the graph carefully. Which species is in optimal habitat conditions?
a) Both species are in the same conditions;
b) The first type is in more optimal conditions than the second;
c) The second type is in more optimal conditions than the first;
d) Both species are in unfavorable conditions.
42. The biomass pyramid rule says:
a) the total mass of plants turns out to be less than the biomass of all phytophages and herbivores, and the mass of those, in turn, is less than the mass of all predators;
b) the total mass of plants turns out to be greater than the biomass of all phytophages and herbivores, and the mass of those, in turn, exceeds the mass of all predators;
c) the biomass of all plant communities is several times higher than the biomass of aquatic communities, meadow communities and agroecosystems;
d) the biomass of plant communities increases during the transition of ecosystems from the pioneer state to the climax state.
43. The type of relationship between the following representatives of the animal world can be classified as “freeloading”:
a) hermit crab and sea anemone;
b) crocodile and cowbird;
B) shark and sticky fish;
D) wolf and roe deer.
44. One of the forms of adaptation of mammals to life in the Far North is:
a) in lengthening the skull and limbs;
b) enlargement of eyes and ears;
c) in increasing body size;
d) in an increase in the pelvic bones and the size of the skull.
45. If a massive death of fish began in the river, then the most likely reason for this phenomenon is:
a) change in river flow speed;
b) reduction of oxygen content in water;
c) change in atmospheric pressure;
d) construction of a dam.
46. In the aquatic environment, with increasing depth, abiotic factors change as follows:
a) pressure and salinity increase, temperature decreases;
b) pressure and salinity increase, oxygen concentration does not change;
c) pressure and salinity increase, temperature increases;
d) pressure does not change, salinity increases, oxygen concentration remains unchanged.
47. The biosphere, like any ecosystem, is:
a) closed system;
b) open system;
c) a completely autonomous system;
d) a completely independent system.
48. A species preserved from a previously thriving group of animals or plants is called:
a) endemic;
b) autochthonous;
c) edifier;
d) a relic.
49. The best indicators (indicators) of the state of the environment are species that:
a) require strictly defined conditions of existence;
b) exist in a wide range of environmental conditions;
c) adapt to the influence of anthropogenic factors;
d) exhibit plasticity to the action of environmental factors.
50. Abiotic environmental factors are not determined by:
a) seasonal changes in the color of the white hare;
b) distribution of fruits of viburnum, rowan, oak;
c) autumn change in leaf color in deciduous trees;
d) autumn leaf fall.
TASK II
Establish a correspondence between the proposed concepts or determine the correct sequence. When completing tasks, carefully write down the correct answers in the appropriate tables.
The correct answer is worth 2 points. If there is at least one error, 0 points.
1. Match the terms between the two columns.
A. Organism
B. Population.
B. Biocenosis.
G. Biogeocenosis.
D. Agrocenosis.
1. Living organisms of the lake.
2. Lichen.
3. Steppe.
4. Seals of Lake Baikal.
5. Wheat field.
2. Establish the correspondence of terms and definitions.
TASK III
Choose one correct answer out of four possible and circle it. Justify in writing why you think this answer is correct.
Correct answer – 2 points, justification – from 0 to 2 points.
The maximum number of points per question is 4 points.
1. The most dangerous enemies of aphids are parasites, the larvae of which develop in the body of the aphid, devouring it from the inside. The Hamiltonella bacterium, which lives in the cells of aphids, produces toxins that are fatal to the ichneumon parasite larvae. American entomologists from the universities of Georgia and Arizona have experimentally shown that effective protection of aphids from parasites is provided not by any bacteria, but only by those infected with the bacteriophage virus APSE. The genes for the toxic proteins needed to destroy the ichneumon wasp larvae are found in the genome of the virus, not the bacteria. This is one of the first described cases where it is thanks to the virus that the relationship between an insect and a bacterium is ensured:
a) mutualism;
b) commensalism;
c) amensalism;
d) neutralism.
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. The principles for compiling lists of protected species require justification of methods of protection based on their ecological and biological characteristics. The blue-winged filly lives in dry grassy clearings with low and sparse grass, located in pine forest ecosystems, sometimes along river banks. They overwinter in the egg phase; lay eggs in the soil at a depth of 5–7 mm. Larvae and adults are phytophages. To preserve this species, it is first necessary to:
a) take measures to clean rivers and standing reservoirs;
b) carry out systematic sanitary felling of pine forests;
c) introduce a ban on burning grass and limit grazing;
d) systematically remove old, dead trees from the forest.
3. Tulka is a fish of standing waters. She lived in the Black and Azov Seas, in the northern, marginal part of the Caspian Sea and in the lower reaches of the Volga. Currently, the sprat has spread throughout almost the entire Volga, right up to the upper reaches. The uncontrolled spread of sprat was facilitated by the creation on the Volga:
a) specially protected natural areas;
b) hydroelectric power stations;
c) sturgeon breeding factories;
d) agricultural enterprises.
TASK IV
Choose one correct answer out of four possible and circle it. Justify in writing why you think this answer is correct, and also why the other three answers are wrong.
Correct answer – 2 points, justification for the correct answer – from 0 to 2 points,justifications for the other three incorrect answersup to 3 points(for each correct justification 1 point). The maximum score for a question is 7 points.
In medieval Europe, starting from the 14th century, subsequent plague epidemics had a lower mortality rate. This could be due primarily to the fact that:
a) the racial composition of the population has changed;
b) the way of life of people has changed (especially in cities);
c) the population began to be vaccinated against the plague;
d) immunity appeared.
Maximum number of points - 75
3
IN
28
IN
4
IN
29
G
5
G
30
B
6
B
31
IN
7
B
32
G
8
IN
33
IN
9
A
34
B
10
IN
35
A
11
G
36
A
12
IN
37
B
13
A
38
A
14
A
39
B
15
IN
40
IN
16
B
41
B
17
G
42
B
18
A
43
IN
19
B
44
IN
20
B
45
B
21
IN
46
A
22
B
47
B
23
IN
48
G
24
A
49
A
25
G
50
B
TASK 2
Correct answer 2 points. If there is at least one error, 0 points.
The maximum number of points is 6 points.
A | B | IN | G | D |
2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
1.
A | B | IN | G |
1 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
2.
A | B | IN |
2,6,8 | 1,4,7 | 3,5,9 |
3. TASK 3 (12 points)
The correct answer is 2 points, justification is from 0 to 2 points.
The maximum number of points per question is 4 points.
1. Answer a)is correct. The presence of a bacterium infected with a virus in the body of an aphid is beneficial both for the insect (fight against parasites) and for the bacterium itself (habitat). Consequently, we are talking about mutualism - mutually beneficial cohabitation, when the presence of a partner becomes a prerequisite for the existence of each of them
2. Answer c)is correct. Since eggs and larvae live in the soil, adult insects stay on the soil surface, feed on grass, grazing, and burning grass are limiting factors, and their prohibition is necessary to preserve the species.
3. Answer b)is correct. The construction of hydroelectric power stations is associated with the construction of dams and reservoirs. The flow in reservoirs slows down, which creates favorable conditions for their colonization by sprat, which lives in stagnant reservoirs.
TASK 4 (7 points)
Correct answer – 2 points, justification for the correct answer – from 0 to 2 points,justifications for the other three incorrect answersup to 3 points(for each correct justification 1 point). The maximum score for a question is 7 points.
Answer b) is correct. One of the factors in the spread of plague pathogens was unsanitary conditions in medieval settlements (abundance of waste, rodents, poor development of medicine). At the end of the Middle Ages, the way of life of Europeans changed, and stricter sanitary and hygienic standards began to be introduced and observed in urban utilities.
Answer a) is not correct. The racial composition of Europe's population began to change, mainly with the development of globalization (Modern times). In addition, representatives of different races are susceptible to the plague.
Answer c) is not correct. Vaccinations against various infectious diseases, including the plague, began to be done much later, after microbiologists discovered pathogenic microorganisms (the French doctor Yersin and the Japanese doctor Kitasato found the plague microbe almost simultaneously. This was in 1894, and since Since then, the fight against the plague has been put on a scientific basis).
Answer d) is not correct. By itself (without vaccination), immunity to plague pathogens is not developed. Even if this were possible, it would be regardless of the historical era.
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF POINTS - 75
