Diets

Rugby ball dimensions. The rugby ball is a sports equipment with an interesting history. Some other competitions

The first official rules for rugby appeared in the second half of the 19th century. The main provisions remain unchanged, but from time to time certain clarifications are made to them, designed to make the game more dynamic and spectacular.

Area. It is a rectangle no more than 100 m long and 70 m wide, with a grassy (rarely earthen or sandy) surface.

The playing area consists of the playing field and the in-goal field. The playing field is limited by the touch lines and goal lines (the lines themselves are not part of the field). In-goal - the area between the goal line, the dead-ball line and the side lines of the in-goal. (The goal line is part of the in-goal, the dead-ball line and touchlines are not.) In-goal length: 10–22 m, width no more than 70 m.

On the field are also marked (parallel to the goal lines) solid lines of 22 m, limiting the area of 22 m, and the central (middle) line, which divides the field in half. Flags are set along the perimeter of the site, also denoting zones and field lines.

The dashed lines represent 10m distances from the center field line and 5m distances from the touchlines.

A football field is also suitable for playing rugby, but with a different layout.

Gates. They are H-shaped and are installed on the goal line. The height of the posts is at least 3.4 m, the distance between them is 5.6 m, the distance from the field surface to the crossbar is 3 m.

Ball. Has an oval shape. Its surface can be coated with a special compound that repels dirt, which allows you to better hold the ball in your hands. Made from leather. The length of the ball along the line is 280–300 mm, the longitudinal circumference is 740–770 mm, the transverse circumference is 580–620 mm, the weight is 410–460 g, the pressure inside the ball (at the beginning of the game) should be 0.67–0.7 kg/cm2.

Game time. Two halves of 40 min. each (excluding added or compensated time, as well as, if necessary, additional time) with a break between them of 5-10 minutes. After the break, the teams change ends.

Team compositions. From each team, 15 people simultaneously act on the field (from 18 to 22 players are declared for the game): 8 attackers and 7 defenders, each of which has his own playing role.

In rugby, there are two types of substitutions - permanent and temporary: an injured player can temporarily leave the field to receive medical care. During his absence, a substitute player is released on the field. All substitutions are made only with the permission of the field judge at the time of stoppage in the game.

Equipment. Includes shorts, jersey, socks and boots, and protective gear (knee pads, elbow pads, shin guards, fingerless gloves, shoulder pads, mouth guard, helmet).

All pieces of equipment must bear the IRB (International Rugby Federation) mark. Players in "non-standard" equipment are not allowed to the match. It is also prohibited by the rules to wear hard and sharp objects, clips, rings, zippers, screws, precious jewelry and other accessories that, during the game, can injure the athlete himself, his partners or opponents.

Ways to play the game. The game begins with a kick-off from the center of the field, after which any player may:

- catch (pick up) the ball and run with it;

- pass, throw or hit the ball to another player;

– kick or otherwise advance the ball with the foot;

– to grab, push or attack with the shoulder of an opponent in possession of the ball;

- fall on the ball;

– take part in the scrum, ruck, maul and lineout;

- ground the ball in the in-goal.

Kickoff - a ground kick taken from the middle of the center line of the field by the team that won the right to start the game, or by the opposing team when play is resumed after half-time, as well as a kick on the center line by the defending team after the opponent has scored.

Scoring. It happens in several ways: for a try, for a goal scored after a try, for a goal from a free kick, for a drop goal.

Attempt. The player brings the ball into the opponent's in-goal and grounds it there, i.e. the ball touches the ground or falls on the ball. A successful attempt is worth 5 points. In the event that a try could be realized, but this did not happen due to the rough play of the opponent, a “penalty try” is awarded from the place of the violation (it can bring 5 points to the attacking team).

Shot on goal after a try. The team that made the attempt is entitled to a kick on goal. It is played from an imaginary line perpendicular to the goal line and passing through the point where the attempt was made. The implementation of the kick (the ball must fly over the crossbar between the goalposts) is worth 2 points. Thus, a team in one attack can score 7 points.

Free kick goal. The right to a free kick is granted to the team against which the rules were violated. A goal from a free kick is worth 3 points.

Drop goal. A successful kick from the rebound is worth 3 points (according to the rules of rugby, a goal scored with a kick “from the hand” does not count: the rugby player must necessarily hit it on the ground).

Standard positions and combinations in rugby. These include: fight; cancer; they say; corridor and out; net fishing (label); capture; as well as free kicks and free kicks.

Fight. Formed on the playing field to resume the game after breaking the rules or stopping the game. From each team, 8 players participate in the fight: clasping each other with their hands and closing with rivals, they line up in three lines. A tunnel is created into which the scrum half throws in the ball so that the first row players of both teams can take possession of the ball by hooking it with their foot.

The scrum is formed at the place of violation or stoppage of the game within the playing field, but not closer than 5 m from the side line and from the goal line. The ball is put into play by a team that is innocent of the offense or is in attack.

The center line of the scrimmage is an imaginary line passing directly under the line formed by the shoulders of the players of the first lines of both teams. The middle front line player is called the "hooker". The players on either side of the hooker are poles. Left pillar No. 1 (with a free head) and right pillar No. 3 (with a pressed head). Two second line players pushing posts and a hooker are locks. Players linking the second and third lines are flankers. The third line player pushing castles and flankers is #8.

The scrum is considered over if the ball left it in any direction (except for the tunnel).

Players may not intentionally collapse a scrum, kneel in a scrum and attempt to gain possession of the ball in a scrum with any part of the body other than the foot and shin. Players are prohibited from returning the ball to the scrum, falling on the ball coming out of the scrum without being a front row player, playing the ball while it is in the lineout, etc. Such violations are punishable by a free kick or free kick.

Cancer. The phase of the game when one or more players from each team, on their feet and in physical contact, group around the ball on the ground between them within the field of play. In this position, open play is terminated. Players participating in a ruck try to win back or keep the ball with their feet without breaking the rules.

Players forming, joining or participating in a ruck must not lower their heads and shoulders below their hips. The player joining the ruck must clasp the torso of the partner already participating in the ruck with one hand.

When playing in cancer, athletes must remain on their feet. They have no right to deliberately fall or kneel. Such actions are classified as a dangerous game. The player must not intentionally fill up the ruck (dangerous game), jump on it, deliberately step on the players lying on the ground, etc. It is also impossible to return the ball to the ruck, take the ball in the ruck with your hands, fall on the ball coming out of the ruck. Violations are punished with a free kick or free kick.

A ruck is considered successfully completed if the ball goes out of it or goes beyond the goal line. In the event of an unsuccessful completion of the ruck (i.e. when it is impossible to play in the ruck), the referee appoints a bout (but he must allow sufficient time for the ball to come out of the ruck). The ball is thrown into the scrum by the team that was moving forward just before the stoppage of play. If neither team was advancing or the referee is unable to determine which team was advancing before the stoppage, the team that was advancing immediately before the ruck must throw in. If neither team has moved forward, then the attacking team throws the ball into the scrum.

Mol. Formed when one or more players from each team, standing on their feet, in physical contact and moving towards the goal, group around the player in possession of the ball. The open game ends. A maul can only be formed within the field. It must involve a minimum of three players: the player in possession of the ball and one more player from each team.

The head and shoulders of a player entering a maul must not be lower than his hips. A player joining a maul must “get involved” in it, and not just be on the side of it. Players in a maul should try to stay on their feet. The player with the ball is allowed to fall to the ground, provided that he does not free himself from the ball.

It is forbidden to intentionally fill up the pier and jump on it. Players must not attempt to pull an opponent out of a maul. While the ball is in the maul, the player must not mislead opponents by reporting that the ball has left the maul.

A maul is considered successfully completed if the ball hits the ground or the player with the ball exits the maul. If the ball in a maul goes beyond the goal line, the maul is also considered to be completed.

The game may be stopped and a scrum appointed if the maul becomes immobile and there is no advance for more than 5 seconds, as well as when the maul is destroyed (but not as a result of foul play). If the ball is in motion and the referee sees it, he must allow reasonable time for the ball to leave the maul. If the player in possession of the ball in a maul falls to the ground (or the player is on one or both knees or sitting on the ground), a scrum must also be called.

The ball is thrown into the scrum by the team that was not in possession of the ball immediately before the maul was formed. If the referee is unable to determine which team was in possession of the ball, the ball must be thrown in by the team moving forward immediately before play was stopped, or by the attacking team if there was no forward movement.

Out and corridor. The ball is considered out of bounds when:

- immediately after the kick, he is out of bounds, without falling on the playing area and without touching the player or the referee;

- not being in the hands of the player, he touches the sideline of the field or the ground (any object) behind the sideline;

- while in the hands of a player, the ball (or the player carrying it) touches the touchline or the ground behind it;

- the player who catches him steps with his foot on the touchline or on the ground behind it.

If a player with both feet on the playing court catches the ball that has already passed over the touchline, the ball is not considered to be in touch. The player may deflect or hit the ball into the playing court, provided that he does not play forward. If a player catches the ball in a jump, then he must land with both feet on the playing court. An out-of-bounds player may kick the ball or play with his hand, provided the ball has not crossed the touchline, but he must not have the ball in his hands.

After the ball has left the field, it may be put into play either by a quick throw-in or by a lineout throw-in.

When taking a quick throw-in, the player must be anywhere outside the field of play between the place where the ball touched or crossed the touchline and his own goal line. The ball must be dropped straight along the line of touch (an imaginary line at right angles to the side line through the place from which the ball is dropped) so that it first touches the ground or a player no closer than 5 m from the side line.

If the ball was not thrown in before the lineout was formed, the throw-in is taken into the lineout. The lineout begins the moment the ball leaves the hands of the player throwing in and is considered to be finished when the ball or the player in possession of the ball has left the lineout.

Players lining up on lines parallel to the line of touch form a lineout. Each team may have one player ready to catch the ball when the lineout players pass or kick the ball back. In addition to the players forming the lineout, a hooker is involved in the lineout - the player throwing in the ball and his immediate opponent, as well as two players who are ready to catch the ball from the lineout. All other players not participating in the lineout must, until the lineout is completed, be at least 10m from the line of touch or behind their own goal line.

Violations of the rules for throwing the ball in after an out are punishable by free kicks or free kicks from the 15 m line (a line parallel to the side line and passing 15 m from it).

Label. A player is considered to have made a clean catch or mark when, while in his own 22m area or in his in-goal, he cleanly catches the ball directly from an opponent's kick (excluding the kick-off). Simultaneously with catching the ball, the player must shout "Mark!". A clean catch is considered to have been taken even if the ball had previously touched the goal post or crossbar.

After a clean catch is completed, a free kick is awarded.

Capture. A situation where a player in possession of the ball on the field of play is held by one or more opponents in such a way that, when held, he falls to the ground or the ball touches the ground.

The tackled player must immediately release the ball and get back on their feet. A player who has grabbed an opponent and while holding him fell to the ground with him must immediately release the tackled player and get back on his feet. He must not play the ball until he is on his feet. A tackled player must not be prevented from passing or releasing the ball, pulling the ball out of a tackled player's hands or attempting to lift the ball before it is released by a tackled player, while lying on the ground after a tackle, playing or obstructing the ball in any way, tackling or attempting to tackle an opponent in possession of the ball, intentionally fall on a ball carrier who is on the ground, while on his feet, obstruct or interfere with an opponent who is not in close proximity (i.e. within 1 m) of the ball while in close proximity to the ball while prone on the ground to interfere with an opponent in possession of the ball.

Violations of the rules when performing a tackle are punished with a free kick.

Refereeing. It is carried out by a field judge and two side judges.

The referee in the field controls the time, score of the game, compliance with the rules. During the match, only he is an expert in evaluating the game situations that arise on the field. His decisions are binding on the players.

To indicate the beginning of a match (second half), the end of the first half or match, the successful implementation of an attempt, to stop the game after breaking the rules, etc. the field judge gives signals with a whistle and special gestures.

Side judges are subordinate to the field judge. About his decisions (for example, if the ball left the field), the side judge signals with a flag. During the execution of a kick on goal, the implementation of a try or a free kick, the touch judges must assist the field judge, signaling him about the result.

Rule violations.

Blocking. The rules prohibit:

- a player chasing the ball to attack or push an opponent who is also chasing the ball;

- a player in an offside position intentionally runs or stands in front of a teammate in possession of the ball, thereby interfering with an opponent;

– any player who has possession of the ball after it has left the scrum, ruck, maul or lineout to try to force his way through the players of his own team in front of him;

– any player who is an outside player in the scrum to prevent an opponent from moving around the scrum.

Such actions are regarded as blocking and are punished with a free kick from the place of the violation.

Unfair game. Under the dishonest game means the intentional violation of any paragraph of the rules. For example, an athlete deliberately throws the ball over the touchline, delays time, etc. Such violations are punished with a free kick or a warning. With a second warning, the player is removed from the field.

Misconduct, dangerous game. The rules prohibit:

- strike an opponent with a hand;

- cling from behind or kick the legs of an opponent, trip or step on a lying opponent;

– to carry out unauthorized seizures;

- attack or block an opponent who has just kicked the ball and is not running after the ball;

- hold, push, attack, block or tackle an opponent who is not in possession of the ball, except when playing in a ruck, maul or scrum;

- being in the first line of the fight, enter the opponent with a blow, as well as deliberately tear the opponent off the ground or squeeze him out of the fight;

- deliberately overwhelm the fight, cancer or pier.

Such actions are regarded as a dangerous game. A player who has allowed dangerous play or incorrect behavior towards an opponent (in any form) may be sent off or warned by the referee that he will be sent off for a second violation. In addition to a warning (removal), a free kick is awarded from the place of the violation.

The referee must not stop play after an infraction if the non-offending team has an advantage (territorial or tactical) - except in certain situations stipulated by the rules.

Free kick and free kick. They break through from the place where the violation was committed, or from any place behind the mark on an imaginary line passing through it perpendicular to the goal line. If the place for a free kick is closer than 5 m to the offending team's goal line, it must be moved to a distance of 5 m from the goal line.

The blow is performed from the hands, from the rebound, from the ground with any part of the leg below the knee, but not with the knee or heel.

When a free kick (as opposed to a free kick) is taken, the ball cannot be sent directly into the goal - including a kick from the rebound. If the kicker intends to shoot on goal, the defending players must remain passive until the moment of the kick. When a free kick is taken, opposing players who are in play may run in (from the moment the kicker starts running) in an attempt to prevent the kick from being taken. If they succeed, no new kick is awarded, and a scrum is assigned at the place of the mark, into which the players of the defending team throw in the ball.

A kick on goal must be made within 1 minute from the moment the kicker indicated his intention - by the appearance on the field of a special stand or sand, with which a mark is made on the field. If the “minute” limit is exceeded, the kick is canceled and a scrum is assigned at the place of the mark, into which the opposing team throws the ball.

The players of the team awarded the kick must be behind the line of the ball until the kick is taken. If someone does not have time to get back over the line of the ball due to the quick execution of a stroke, this is not considered a violation, but they are not entitled to enter the game until they are in the position of "in play".

The batter may send the ball in any direction and play it again without restriction.

The players of the offending team must enter (or behind) an imaginary line parallel to the goal line and 10 m from the place where the kick was taken (or their own goal line if it is closer to the mark). They must not interfere with the execution of the stroke (intentionally holding or throwing the ball, etc.). Such infractions are penalized by moving the place of the kick 10m forward or 5m from the goal line (whichever is closer).

If a free kick in in-goal results in the ball going over its sideline or dead-ball line, or if a defending team player makes the ball dead before it crosses the goal line, a scrum is called 5m from the goal line, the ball in entered by the attacking team.

A team not guilty of a violation may, instead of a free kick, choose an alternative scrum from the place where the kick should have been taken from, it will introduce the ball into the scrum.

For any infraction by the team taking the free kick, a scrum is assigned at the place of the mark, into which the opposing team throws in the ball.

Offside". The term “offside” means that the athlete is in a position in which he is not entitled to participate in the game, otherwise his team is penalized with a free kick from the place of the infringement.

A distinction is made between offside positions in open play; in a fight; in cancer and mole; in the corridor.

Offside in open play means that the athlete is ahead of the ball last played by his teammate.

For the scrum half, the offside line runs through the ball in the scrum – parallel to the goal line. For all other players, a similar line, also parallel to the goal line, passes through the foot of the last player of his team.

Players who are not taking part in the scrum and who are not scrum half are in an offside position if they cross or stay ahead of their offside line.

The offside line in rucks and mauls is an imaginary line parallel to the goal line and passing through the foot of the last player. Each team has its own offside line. Players not participating in a ruck (maul) must join the ruck (maul) or immediately go beyond the offside line.

When forming a lineout, two offside lines are defined for each team, running parallel to the goal line. A player participating in a lineout is considered offside if, before the ball has touched a player or the ground, he deliberately steps over the line of touch. The player dropping the ball must remain within 5m of the touchline or join the lineout after the ball has been dropped. A player not participating in the lineout is considered to be in an offside position if he steps outside the lineout before the end of the lineout.

The essence of the game

Team in blue (Western Force) in attack

The game is played on a rectangular grass field measuring 100×70 m, the short sides of which are adjoined by rectangular scoring zones 10 to 22 m wide. The maximum size of the playing field is therefore 144×70 m, and the area is 1.008 ha. The duration of the game is two halves of 40 minutes of "pure" time (the referee stops the stopwatch while providing medical assistance to the players, during meetings with the side referees and the referee's work on video replays). After the expiration of 40 minutes, the game does not stop, but continues until the ball becomes "dead" (goes out or is played with a forward hand).

Players pass each other an oval ball, trying to bring it as close to the end zone as possible. If an attacking player brings the ball into the end zone and touches the ground with it, his team scores 5 points ( attempt, or skid; English try) and the right to an additional blow ( implementation; English conversion), which must be made from any point on an imaginary line parallel to the sideline drawn through the place where the attempt was made. Points can also be earned by kicking the ball into the goal from a free kick or from a specially executed kick during the game ( drop goal; English drop goal).

The ball can be thrown to a player of his team ( pass), but only back or parallel to the end line. The ball can also be kicked forward, but it can be caught by the striker himself, or by the player of his team who was behind the striker at the moment of impact.

Rules

Team Structure

forwards

1. Forward of the first line of the open side (left pillar).
2. Player (hooker).
3. Forward of the first line of the closed side (right pillar).
4, 5. Forwards of the second line (castles).
6. Closed flanker.
7. Open flanker.
8. Contracting (figure eight).

Defenders

9. Halfback scrum (nine).
10. Wandering midfielder (ten).
11. Left winged three-quarter.
12. Inside center.
13. Outside center.
14. Right three-quarter.
15. Fullback (closing).

Player positions

Positions of players in a rugby team

It is also interesting that in rugby forwards are powerful, but not very fast players, responsible for the power game, including defense, and pressure to move forward. For fast breaks, three-quarters are usually responsible (in English backs).

Glasses

Points in rugby can be scored as follows:

Attempt(5 points) - a player of the attacking team puts the ball into scoring area located between the goal line (including this line itself) and the dead ball line, and, holding it with his hand, touches the ground with it, or presses the ball to the ground with any part of the arm or body from the waist to the neck inclusive.

Penalty try(5 points) - assigned if the player could have made a try, but this did not happen due to rough play on the part of the opponent. A penalty try is awarded to the center of the goal.

Implementation(2 points) - Any player on the team that made the try (usually the player with the best kick) places the ball at any point opposite where the try was made and kicks the goal. If he hits (that is, the ball flies over the crossbar and between the vertical poles, even if it is higher than them), the try is considered realized. Players of the other team must be in their own end zone.

Free kick(3 points) - for some violations of the rules (see below), the referee awards a penalty. If the team entitled to do so decides to kick it, the ball is placed on the spot where the infringement occurred and one of the players kicks at the goal.

Drop goal(3 points) - any player, when the ball is in play, has the right to kick at the goal. To do this, he must drop the ball and, when it touches the ground, hit it (kicks on goal from the hands prohibited). In principle, such blows (eng. drop kicks) can also be used for conversions and penalties, but usually they are not used in these cases.

Game progress

Main competitions

Rugby World Cup

As part of this tournament, the following are also played: Bledisloe Cup (eng. Bledisloe Cup) (between New Zealand and Australia), Liberty Cup (between New Zealand and South Africa), Nelson Mandela Challenge Cup (between Australia and South Africa), Puma Cup (eng. Puma Trophy) (between Australia and Argentina). In 2009, New Zealand won the Bledisloe Cup for the seventh consecutive time.

European Nations Cup

Main article: European Nations Cup

European teams of the second tier compete for the European Cup of Nations. The teams participating in this competition organized by the European Rugby Association (FIRA-AER) are divided into several divisions. The cup itself is played in the first division, where competitions are held for two seasons. In the 2011 edition, teams from Romania, Georgia, Portugal, Spain, Russia and Ukraine play in the first division.

Other varieties of rugby

Rugby should not be confused with rugby leagues (or rugby 13s) - a game derived from rugby, which is today an independent version of football (just like rugby and American football are different). A variant of rugby is rugby sevens under the rules of rugby union, with minor amendments. Rugby 15s and Rugby 7s are governed by the International Rugby Board (IRB). Rugby 10 is another variation of rugby. There are also non-contact varieties of rugby - touch rugby and tag rugby - which are used for teaching children under 12 years old, as well as as a sport for the whole family.

Notes

Links

Olympic sports
Summer

rugby ball shape

Alternative descriptions

Convex closed flat curve without kinks

Convex Planar Closed Curve

Geometric figure, a closed egg-shaped outline of something

. "Circle" of the stadium

. "Twisted" circle

. "Crumpled" circle

. "Compressed" circle

. "I have not loved since childhood..."

. "loose" circle

. "I have not loved since childhood ..., I have drawn a corner since childhood"

egg outline

Convex smooth curve

Convex closed plane curve without corner points

Convex Planar Closed Curve

Extruded circle

Elongated "circle"

Geometric figure

Geometric figure, circle, from the Latin "egg"

Geometric egg shape

The geometry of the letter "O"

closed curve

Both the face and the egg

emaciated circle

What geometric figure comes from the Latin "egg"

Outline of a chicken egg

Rugby ball outline

The contour of the working part of the racket

Rugby ball outline

Stadium outline

egg outline

Circle in depression

Soft-boiled circle

Circle at attention

Lemniscate with two foci

facial geometry

M. oblong circle; a true oval forms an ellipse, a long circle. Oval, long-round, longish-round, long-faced. -ness oblong roundness. Oval lathe chuck, running on two spines, centers, eccentric, for a long point

Mayakovsky's unloved ellipse

The usual form of the medallion

The round shape of the vice-premier's face

egg outline

Slimming Circle

Correct face shape

flattened circle

slapped circle

oblong "circle"

egg profile

Psk. hard. tear stain? (swelling under the eyes?)

Stretched circle

stretched circle

Kindred of the circle

Circle relative

squashed circle

egg silhouette

Synonym ellipse

beveled circle

flattened circle

Korzhavin's verse

The traditional figure on the cut of the sausage

The traditional form of the medallion

Cassini figure

Figure of Cassini (Math.)

Figure without corners

The figure on the cut of the sausage

Egg-shaped figure

Cycle track shape

Barack Obama cabinet uniform

beautiful face shape

face shape

Face and stadium shape

Face shape and egg shape

Shape of the face, stadium and egg

rugby ball shape

Form of the most famous office of the White House in Washington

egg shape

Slightly "crumpled" circle

egg shape

ovoid outline

egg silhouette

egg-shaped figure

. “I have not loved since childhood ...”

. “I have not loved since childhood ..., I have been drawing a corner since childhood”

Geometric figure, circle, from the Latin "egg"

What geometric figure is derived from the Latin "egg"?

. "twisted" circle

elongated circle

. "sagging" circle

. "crumpled" circle

The geometry of the letter "O"

. "circle" of the stadium

Slightly "crumpled" circle

oblong "circle"

. "compressed" circle

Geometric face shape

Twisted circle

Mayakovsky's unloved ellipse

Geometric projection of the stadium

Ball games are not one thousand years old. In ancient times, they arose everywhere - in every country and people. These games were very similar, although they contained quite a few differences. The balls were used both in competitive games and in ordinary gymnastic exercises. Of course, these shells only remotely resembled modern ones, they were related only by their general shape. Nevertheless, today we can confidently draw this historical parallel and find out where something came from, without which most of the world's population simply cannot imagine their life.

In ancient times

Evidence of ball games is found in various parts of the world. So, scientists have found ancient Egyptian images of human figures that throw up a round sphere. Among the ancient Greeks, ball games first appeared in the second millennium BC and were the privilege of the upper strata of society. It is worth adding to this that almost all over Greece only men took part in them. The only exception was Sparta, where everything was different. Later, the Romans adopted this fun from the Greeks, turning it into a gymnastic exercise. Beating the ball perfectly developed coordination and reaction. There was also a game that resembled a modern football exercise - "square". Only the Romans shortened it to a "triangle".

Ball games were especially developed in the Middle Ages. In Europe there was a game very similar to modern golf, where you need to put the ball into the hole. The mass of the ball was comparable to the modern one. Absolutely all segments of society participated in the game.

On the American continent, ball games have also become widespread. A game called "ulama" was common among both the Maya and the Aztecs. Initially, two teams played it, one of which, the loser, was sacrificed. They played with a ball weighing one and a half kilograms, which looked more like. Over time, the fun acquired a purely sporting character - sacrifices were excluded from it, and after some time, the Spaniards who arrived simply forbade it.

Can you determine the mass of the ball? Football, like all significant team sports, began to take shape in its modern form in the 19th century. In 1872, the official ball was first mentioned. The ball was supposed to have an average mass of 400 grams. After 60 years, the mass of a soccer ball was increased by 50 grams, which remains the standard to this day. The first balls were made exclusively from natural leather by sewing together two dozen panels. At the dawn of the production of balls, the tone was set by two companies - "Mitre" and "Tomlinson", which produced official shells for the English football championship.

Today's soccer ball consists of three parts - the chamber, lining and tire. The latter consists of 32 panels: 20 are hexagonal, 12 are pentagonal. The lining is what is between the tire and the tube. It is she who gives the ball elasticity and the desired rebound. There are at least four layers in the lining, and even much more. The chamber is the core of the ball. It is usually made from latex. The classic soccer ball (as we imagine it today) was developed by the Danish firm Select in 1950.

The development of the soccer ball is directly related to the history of the World and European Championships. For each championship of the planet, its own ball is produced, in which they strive to embody all the latest technical and design solutions. So, from 1970 (the World Cup in Mexico) and until 2006, they played with various varieties of the classic ball. At the German championship of the planet, for the first time, the ball consisted of 12 panels, and not from 32 as before. In 2018, in Russia they will play with a ball that, by design, refers us to the last century - Telstar.

This projectile is one of the smallest in shape and size. The mass of a tennis ball should not exceed 60 grams, and he himself - seven centimeters in diameter. Today, a tennis ball is usually green or yellow, although in the past absolutely any color was used. A white stripe runs along its circumference. To improve the quality, it is covered with felt, and it is made of natural rubber.

The rugby ball is interesting in that its shape is fundamentally different from the balls in other team sports. It is not round, but has the shape of an elongated ellipsoid. Its length is not more than 30 centimeters, and it consists of four plates sewn together. The mass of the ball must not exceed 420 grams.

Rugby- an Olympic contact team sport, the purpose of which is to perform effective actions, namely, defeating the opponent's goal or bringing the ball into the opponent's scoring area. Unlike football, rugby is allowed to touch the ball with the hands.

Global regulation of rugby is carried out by the International Rugby Board (IRB), the headquarters of the organization is located in Dublin.

The history of the emergence and development of rugby

Webb Ellis is considered to be the ancestor of rugby, being a student of one of the schools in the city of Rugby (England), during a football match he grabbed the ball with his hands and rushed to the opponent's end zone. At that time, there were several varieties of football, and the rules of that match allowed touching the ball with the hand, but moving with the ball was not allowed. It is worth noting that this hypothesis has no evidence, but it is rooted in rugby culture, and Webb Ellis has become one of the symbols of the game.

Where was rugby invented?

In England.

In 1845, the students made the first attempt to formulate the rules of rugby, and in 1848, students at Cambridge University issued their own set of rules, which began to be used as a regulation for subsequent matches.

In 1863, the first rugby club "Blackheath" (Blackheath) appeared; it consisted of members of the English Football Association and everyone could join it.

In 1871 the Rugby Union of England was formed. The game itself at that time was called "Rugby Football".

At the end of the 19th century, a split occurred in the English rugby community. This came as some clubs in the northern part of the country were actively pursuing their right to pay players cash compensation, as many players were forced to miss work due to matches. While the game had an amateur status, and, therefore, no payments could be made. The result of the confrontation was the exit of some teams from the union, their modification of the rules of rugby and the formation on this basis of a new game - rugby league.

On March 27, 1871, the first internationally recognized match took place between England and Scotland. Later, their teams appeared in Ireland and Wales, and with them the Home Nations Cup appeared. In 1888 the British Isles team visited Australia and New Zealand.

In 1886, the International Rugby Board (IRB) was created, which became truly global only towards the end of the 20th century.

Since 1905, a number of tours have been held by the strongest rugby teams in the United States and European countries.

Since 1987, the Rugby World Cups have started, and the geography of the game has expanded significantly. The team from New Zealand became the first winner of the world championship.

In 1995, it was decided to give rugby a "free" status and abolish restrictions on the wages of athletes.

Rugby rules (briefly)

Let's talk briefly about the rules of rugby. A rugby match consists of two halves of 40 minutes each with a break of 5-10 minutes. After the break, the teams must change goals. If at the end of the match the score is equal, then extra time is assigned - 2 halves of 10 minutes.

How long is a rugby match?

A rugby match consists of two halves of 40 minutes each with a break of 5-10 minutes. Extra time is possible - 2 halves of 10 minutes.

From each team, 15 people simultaneously act on the field, of which 8 are attackers and 7 defenders.

Based on the results of the draw, the team that will put the ball into play first is determined. The ball is put into play with a kick.

Points in rugby are awarded for performing effective actions:

Try - 5 points, which are awarded after the player of the attacking team brings the ball into the end zone. The player who brought the ball into the end zone must necessarily touch the ground with it.
Penalty try - 5 points, which are awarded if the attempt failed due to rough play by the opponent. Penalty try is counted as brought in the center of the gate, which makes it easy to implement it.
Realization - 2 points, which are awarded after the ball hits the opponent's goal. The ball must pass between the two posts over the crossbar. The opportunity to execute the implementation is given after the successful implementation of the attempt.
Free kick - 3 points. For some violations of the rules, the match referee may award a penalty kick. The blow is made from the place of violation of the rules.
Drop goal - 3 points awarded for a field goal, the player must drop the ball on the field and kick it after touching the ground - hand shots are prohibited.

The winner of a rugby match is the team with more points than the opponent.

The rules of the game do not allow forward play. In other words, most of the actions that result in the ball being passed to a player closer to the opponent's end zone are prohibited. In addition, it is prohibited:

a player running after the ball to attack or push other players;
an offside player to intentionally interfere with a player in possession of the ball;
any player in possession of the ball after it has left the scrimmage, ruck, maul or lineout to try to force his way through the forward teammates;
strike an opponent with a hand;
cling from behind or kick the legs of an opponent, trip him or step on a lying opponent;
attack or block an opponent who has just kicked the ball and is not running after the ball;
hold, push, attack, block or tackle an opponent who is not in possession of the ball, except in a ruck, maul or scrum.

Rugby playing field

The rugby field has a rectangular shape with dimensions of 100 meters by 70 meters (144 by 70 including end zones) and grass. The field markings include several lines parallel to the goal lines, of particular importance are the center line and lines at a distance of 22 meters.

Rugby goals are H-shaped and consist of two vertical posts, located at a distance of 5.6 meters from each other, and a crossbar, which is located at a height of 3 meters from the ground.

Rugby equipment

The rugby ball has the shape of an elongated ellipsoid and is made of leather or synthetic materials. As a rule, the surface of the ball is coated with a special compound that repels dirt. Ball length along the line - 280-300 mm, longitudinal circumference - 740-770 mm, transverse circumference - 580-620 mm, weight - 410-460 grams.
T-shirt and shorts.
Studded boots.
Protective equipment: knee pads, elbow pads, fingerless gloves, shin guards, shoulder pads, mouthguard, helmet.

All items of equipment must comply (be marked) with the International Rugby Federation standard. Players in "non-standard" equipment are not allowed to the match.

Rugby set pieces

Standard positions in rugby include: scrum, ruck, maul, lineout and out, net catch (mark), tackle, free kick and free kick.

Fight. The purpose of a scrum is to restart play after a minor infringement or stoppage of play. Eight players from each team participate in the fight, the players wrap their arms around each other, line up in three lines and close with their opponents. With this position of the players, a tunnel is created into which the scrum half throws the ball so that the first row players of either team can take possession of the ball by hooking it with their foot.

Mol. Formed when one or more players from each team, standing on their feet, in physical contact and moving towards the goal, group around the player in possession of the ball. A maul has a minimum of three players: the ball carrier and one player from each team.

Label (clean fishing). A player is considered to be making a clean catch or tag when, while in his own 22m area or in his in-goal, he cleanly catches the ball directly from an opponent's kick. Simultaneously with catching the ball, the player must shout "Mark!". After a clean catch is completed, a free kick is awarded.

Capture. A situation where a player in possession of the ball on the field of play is held by one or more opponents so that he falls to the ground or the ball touches the ground.

Corridor and out. The ball is considered to be in touch if:

the ball leaves the field through the touchline after being kicked;
the ball touches the touchline or leaves the field after any other action of the athletes;
the player with the ball steps on the touchline or leaves the field altogether;
the player catching the ball steps on the touchline or leaves the field.

The introduction of the ball into the game after it goes into touch is carried out by drawing a lineout (quick throw-in). The forwards of each team line up in a row perpendicular to the sideline - the rows of players are located one meter apart and 5-15 meters from the sideline. The ball is thrown into the corridor from the sideline between the lined up rows of players.

Athletes from both teams fight for the ball. Players can lift their teammates to increase their chances of catching the ball. A jumping player cannot be tackled, only shoulder-to-shoulder contact is allowed.

Refereeing

The refereeing board in rugby consists of the chief referee and his two assistants. At high-level matches, there is a video referee who communicates with the referee by radio. The referee has the right to issue red or yellow cards for violations. A red card leads to a permanent removal from the field, and a yellow one to a temporary one.

Competitions

The World Cup is the most prestigious rugby championship, held every four years.

The Six Nations Cup is an annual international rugby competition that is held among the six strongest teams in Europe: England, Ireland, Italy, Wales, France and Scotland.

The Rugby Championship is an annual rugby tournament between the four strongest teams in the Southern Hemisphere: Australia, Argentina, New Zealand and South Africa.

2016-06-30

We tried to cover the topic as fully as possible, so this information can be safely used in the preparation of messages, reports on physical education and essays on the topic "Rugby".