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Ministry of Education and Sciences of the Russian Federation

Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov

Department of Physical Education and Sports

Report on the topic:

"Sports tourism"

Belgorod 2012

Sportsmoutdoor tourmgp- a sport based on competitions on routes that include overcoming obstacles categorized by difficulty in the natural environment (roads and trails with various surfaces and off-road, crossings, passes, peaks, rapids, canyons, caves, etc.), and on distances laid in the natural environment and on artificial terrain.

Sports tourism (ST) in Russia and a number of neighboring countries is a sport with a long tradition. It includes not only the sports component, but also a special spiritual sphere, and the way of life of the wanderers themselves. Non-commercial clubs of tourists (tour clubs) are still the centers for the development of sports tourism, although many tourists are engaged in it on their own. The sport "Sports tourism" is included in the All-Russian register of sports under the number 0840005411Я (2006-2009).

At present, the titles of MSMK and ZMS for sports tourism are not assigned, the rest of the qualifying sports categories and titles up to MS are assigned in Russia.

In addition, the ST has specialized professional titles associated with the right to carry out professional commercial or teaching activities in the field of sports tourism: guide, instructor (senior instructor, international class instructor) of sports tourism.

As in other official sports, in sports tourism there is an organized and professional refereeing, whose activities are regulated by relevant regulatory documents. By gaining refereeing experience and undergoing appropriate professional training (schools, seminars), judges acquire the appropriate judicial titles. At the same time, a certain feature of refereeing in the ST is that the remuneration of sports judges is small, or refereeing is carried out on a voluntary basis. Many of the judges themselves are sports tourists with extensive experience and significant sporting achievements. Sports judges in CT are, without exaggeration, respected, honorary representatives of the CT sports community.

Many sports tourists are also involved in related sports: orienteering (running and cycling), multisport, rock climbing, mountaineering, rafting, mountain biking (amateur cross-country), skiing (marathons), yachting, etc. Sports tourists are, including a reserve for the training of rescuers in the natural environment.

Sports tourism, primarily sports trips, is a team sport in which traditions of mutual assistance and mutual assistance, sports discipline, self-improvement and mutual transfer of knowledge and experience are strong.

Passion for sports tourism allows you to get acquainted with the culture and life of various countries and peoples, with wonderful and often even unique corners of nature, interesting sights, enjoy communication, and find reliable comrades.

Participation in sports hikes of the initial categories of complexity and in competitions at distances, as a rule, does not require significant financial costs, at the same time it allows you to get the necessary basic skills and enjoy participation in hikes and competitions.

Engaging in sports tourism, as a complex sport carried out in a complex natural and social environment, of course, carries certain risks and requires the athlete to have versatile knowledge, skills, experience and good physical, technical and psychological preparation.

In large cities of Russia there are many sports tourism organizations and amateur tourist clubs, which, among other things, conduct tourist training schools (initial, basic, specialized and higher levels (the latter are intended for sports tourism instructors)). Education in such schools is desirable, although not mandatory for tourism.

Among the main functional positions in a sports trip, in addition to the official position of the head of the tourist group, one can list the deputy head of the group (can be appointed if necessary), the head (captain) of the rafting facility or sports vessel, the physician, the navigator, the head of the household (supply manager), the head of the equipment ( zavsnar), mechanic (remmaster), meteorologist, treasurer, timekeeper, chronicler, photographer, etc. flexible, because all tourists in the group must possess, to one degree or another, various basic skills and provide mutual assistance whenever necessary. In small groups, one person combines various positions.

Equipment in sports tourism depends on its type and includes special clothing and footwear (storm jackets and trousers, windproof, insulated, self-dumping, etc., thermal underwear, gloves, trekking, ski, mountain or trekking-bike shoes, shoe covers, bicycle uniforms, wet and dry suits, neoprene shoes or socks, goggles of various types, etc.), helmets or helmets, ropes, carabiners and other technical means of belaying and working with ropes, flashlights with batteries, tents, awnings, alpine tools and devices (alpenstocks, ice axes, crampons, walking sticks, snowshoes, etc.), campfire accessories and camping utensils, multi-fuel burners, navigation and communications equipment, as well as technical equipment and inventory by type (catamarans and other rafting aids, skis, bicycles , cars, backpacks of various types, life jackets, cargo mini-sleds, etc.).

The main skills of a tourist include: providing first aid, organizing and conducting the evacuation of victims, skills in choosing a place and setting up a camp and temporary parking, working with ropes and technical means of guiding crossings, insurance, etc., traffic techniques and overcoming obstacles of a different nature organization of the order of movement and other actions in the group, survival in extreme conditions (for example, spending the night in the snow, working with insufficient food, actions in extreme weather conditions, actions in case of loss of contact with the group, self-help, use of improvised means as equipment and etc.), compiling menus and food layouts in a sports trip, making and maintaining a fire, cooking, repairing equipment, orienteering and navigation, psychological work and conflict resolution, managing various works and actions in extreme situations. Additional useful skills include knowledge of the language of the hiking area or a common language, skills in an adjacent type of tourism and sports, skills in hunting and fishing, handling animals and various equipment, useful knowledge in the field of geography, flora and fauna, skills of a negotiator, storyteller, general engineering ingenuity, etc.

Types of sports tourism

The types of sports tourism are:

Hiking - movement on the route is carried out mainly on foot;

ski tourism - movement on the route is carried out mainly on skis;

mountain tourism - hiking in high mountains;

· water tourism - rafting on the rivers, depending on the category, the rivers are usually mountainous;

speleotourism - travel through underground cavities;

sailing tourism - travel on ships under sail on the sea or water areas of large lakes;

· on means of transportation - a section that includes cycling, horse riding and auto-motor travel;

· combined tourism - travel, combining elements of various types of tourism;

By age-social On the basis of sports tourism is divided into:

children's tourism;

youth tourism;

· adult tourism;

· family tourism;

tourism for people with disabilities.

In recent years, the following have been actively developed directions of sports tourism:

travel (including solo travel);

· extreme tourism;

distance discipline;

Discipline distance indoors on artificial terrain;

short routes in the class of sports trips.

Route classification

Depending on the difficulty of the obstacles to overcome, the area of ​​the hike, autonomy, novelty, length of the route and a number of other factors characteristic of different types of sports tourism, according to increasing complexity, hikes are divided into:

Weekend hikes

· hikes 1 - 3 degrees of difficulty - in youth tourism;

sports category trips. In different types of tourism, the number of categories of complexity is different: in hiking, mountain, water, skiing, cycling and speleotourism - six categories of complexity (c. s.); in automoto and sailing tourism - five; in the horse - three.

This division is given in more detail in the Unified All-Russian Sports Classification of Tourist Routes (EVSKTM). Route qualification commissions are public expert (certification) bodies that carry out conclusions on the categorization of routes, confirmation of the compliance of the qualifications of participants and the leader with the declared category of complexity of the route. sports tourism route competition

Ranks and titles in sports tourism

The category of a tourist-athlete makes it possible to judge his sports qualification, expressed in the ability to pass routes of certain categories of difficulty.

To obtain a sports category in tourism, before passing the route, the group needs to register it and obtain permission from the route qualification commission (MKK). After the end of the campaign, a report is submitted to the ICC, on the basis of which the materials are considered, and in case of a positive decision, categories are assigned to the participants and the leader.

According to the "Class requirements for sports tourism for 2001-2004" categories can be assigned (in ascending order of sportsmanship):

· badge "Tourist of Russia" - tourists who have reached the age of 12 are awarded;

3rd youth category;

2nd youth category;

1st youth category;

· 3rd category;

· 2nd category;

· 1st category;

Candidate Master of Sports (CMS);

Master of Sports of Russia (MS);

Master of sports of international class (MSMK).

Tourist and sports competitions

Tourist and sports competition- this is the movement of a person alone or as part of a group in the natural environment on any technical means and without them. "TSS" are held in two groups of disciplines: 1. "Routes" - directly hikes and sports tours (in accordance with the category of difficulty); 2. "Distances" - the former "tourist all-around" - depending on the complexity of the stages, they are divided into classes from 1 to 6. The distance class conditionally corresponds to the complexity category of the corresponding trip.

Competitions are usually held separately for each type of tourism. It is allowed to conduct competitions at combined distances.

By socio-age competition factors are divided into:

family;

children;

youthful;

student,

youth;

Adults

Among the elderly

among veterans;

· mixed-age;

among boys and/or girls;

among men and/or women;

among the disabled.

Organizational structure

The amateur movement of tourists pursuing sports goals is organizationally represented by tourist groups (teams) and clubs of tourists at the place of residence, sections of sports tourism - at the first and second levels of self-organization. At the federal level, the main body of self-government for tourist athletes is the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia, located in Moscow.

History of sports tourism

· In 1949 included in the Unified All-Union Sports Classification.

· In 1970, competitions for the best hiking trip were organized for the first time.

Sociology of tourism

Due to the availability of sports and health tourism, children are involved, as well as all segments of the population, among which are youth, students, intellectuals, teachers, doctors, businessmen, state and municipal employees.

Conclusion

Thus, summing up, in order to create optimal conditions in the country for the implementation of an effective sports tourism complex capable of involving as many Russian citizens as possible in the sports tourism movement and implementing modern technology for active recreation aimed at social adaptation, spiritual and physical improvement of the individual, a a concept that is the basis for the development of a set of measures for the development of sports and recreation tourism, involving the unification of the efforts of federal executive and legislative authorities, authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, tourist and sports public associations, all interested organizations, as well as individual citizens .

It is also necessary to say about the social significance of sports tourism, since, unlike other sports, sports tourism requires minimal costs, since the training process and the routes themselves take place in the natural environment, expensive stadiums and special sports halls are not required.

Sports tourism is not only a national sport, it is a social movement that unites sports, spirituality, patriotism, the slogan of which is "Spirituality-Sport-Nature".

Sports tourism refers to a social sport, it is carried out by segments of the population that do not have large incomes - youth, students, intellectuals, teachers, doctors.

The public nature of the relationship in tourism I demand from the participants of collectivism, mutual assistance, self-sacrifice in the name of a common goal, educates spirituality. Therefore, speaking of sports tourism, we are talking about the education of patriotism, courage, citizenship. Sports tourism has a pronounced military-applied significance.

Sports tourism is also an effective means of environmental education.

Sports tourism is an effective counteraction to drug addiction, drunkenness and delinquency. Example: sports camps and trips with troubled teenagers are very effective.

Sports tourism is sports trips, trips in the natural environment associated with the passage of categorized (i.e. having a certain category of difficulty from simple 1 to 6 of the highest difficulty) obstacles. Currently, extreme activities are popular among young people. Sports tourism offers such a proposal.

List of used literature

1. Abukov A.Kh. "Tourism at a new stage: social aspects of tourism development in Russia". - M.: Profizdat, 1983. - 277 p.

2. Azar V.I. "Economics and organization of tourism". - M.: Enlightenment, 2007 - 344s.

3. Alekseev A. "Sports tourism in Russia: problems of formation and development" Parliamentary newspaper. - 86. - August 8, 2004.

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Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of the organization of sports tourism

Basic concepts and definitions of sports tourism

Sports Tourism is a kind of sport - competitions in various types of tourism (skiing, water, mountain, speleotourism, etc.).

Sports tourism is a sport based on competitions on routes that include overcoming categorized obstacles in the natural environment (passes, peaks (in mountain tourism), rapids (in water tourism), canyons, caves, etc.), and on distances laid in the natural environment and on artificial terrain.

Sports tourism is a kind of sport for overcoming an extended segment of the earth's surface, called a route. At the same time, the "terrestrial surface" means not only the stone surface of the Earth, but also the water surface, and located under the daytime surface (caves). During the passage of the route, various specific natural obstacles are overcome. For example, mountain peaks and passes (in mountain tourism) or river rapids (in river rafting).

Sports tourism in Russia is a national sport with centuries-old historical traditions, and includes not only a sports component, but also a special spiritual sphere and lifestyle of the wanderers themselves. Non-commercial tourist clubs ("tour clubs") are still the centers for the development of sports tourism, although many tourists are engaged in it themselves.

Sports tourism is the preparation and conduct of sports trips with the aim of overcoming the vast expanse of wild nature on skis (ski tourism), by means of rafting (water tourism) or on foot in the mountains (mountain tourism). The sports trip is carried out by an autonomous group of 6-10 people. It happens that travelers do not meet any traces of civilization for a month. To pass the route you need to be not only strong, agile, courageous and stubborn, but also to have a wide range of special knowledge from the technique of overcoming obstacles to human physiology in extreme conditions.

Unlike conventional travel, sports travel includes a set of natural obstacles classified by difficulty. As a rule, in mountain and ski tourism such obstacles are mountain peaks and passes, and in water tourism - river rapids.

The system of sports tourism, created over decades, limits the initiative of travelers to a minimum. At present, a sports trip can be arranged to anywhere in the world, and everyone can become a team leader, as long as he has experience of participating in a trip of the same category of complexity and experience of leading a trip that is one category easier. The rest of the team must have experience of participating in a simpler (one category) trip. In addition to this basic principle, the Rules provide for exceptions to better take into account the actual experience of travelers (for example, mountaineering experience or experience in other types of sports tourism). The master level in sports tourism is associated with the leadership in travel of the highest categories of complexity. Therefore, making two trips a year, a gifted athlete reaches this level in 5-6 years. Sports tourism is not only sports. It allows you to get acquainted with the culture of the peoples living in the travel area, enjoy the contemplation of amazing landscapes, and experience the thrill of a pioneer explorer. Of course, in the era of total aerial photography, it is impossible to make a geographical discovery, but you can still visit places where no human has gone before. Finally, sports tourism is a school of wisdom. This is an accurate calculation of forces, the ability to foresee events and predict the course of processes generated by them.

Formation and development of sports tourism

Sports tourism is a relatively young phenomenon in the national history of the development of the tourist movement, which originated at the end of the 19th century. The tourist and sports movement in Russia at that time did not acquire a mass character, remaining the business of a small circle of people. This was due to a number of reasons: economic, psychological, etc. This was also hampered by artificially created restrictions on sports (including tourism). After the establishment of the power of the Bolsheviks in the country, the state began to pay more attention to the issues of physical culture and sports. The creation of a system of mass physical education began in the country. Parallel to this, there was a process of cutting off pre-existing organizations that did not fit into the new system.

However, at that time, the first tourist organizations began to appear in the country one after another: the Alpine Club in Tbilisi (1877), the Enterprise for Public Travel to All Countries of the World in St. Petersburg (1885), the Crimean Mountain Club in Odessa (1890) with branches in Yalta and Sevastopol (later - the "Crimean-Caucasian Mountain Club"), "Russian Turing Club" (a society of cyclists) in St. Petersburg (1895) with branches in Moscow, Kyiv, Riga, etc. In 1901 The Turing Club was transformed into the ROT (Russian Society of Tourists), which became the largest tourist association in the country - by 1914, there were about 5 thousand members in its ranks. By a lucky chance, the Russian Society of Tourists escaped the fate of other bourgeois sports organizations and was not liquidated in the first years of Soviet power. On the contrary, this association was included in the state system of universal physical education. This was partly due to the efforts of people who were involved in the organizational issues of the movement, its formation: N. Krylenko, I. Tamm, A. Frumkin, V. Nemytsky, etc. . But ROT did not become the only organization that united participants in the tourist movement in the country. Tourist groups were created on the basis of the excursion organizations of the People's Commissariat of Education, the NKVD (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs), the Supreme Economic Council (Supreme Council of the National Economy), at the regional executive committees and other state institutions. Back in 1918, the first Soviet tourist organization, the Bureau of School Tours of the Narkompros, was created under the People's Commissariat of Education, and in 1920, the "joint lecture and excursion bureau" - the prototype of modern tourist and excursion institutions.

The 20th century in the history of the development of sports tourism is characterized by three main periods: pre-war, pre-war, post-war.

In the pre-war period, two independent directions emerged in the development of tourism (tourist-excursion and amateur). The first direction came under the jurisdiction of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, where the Central Tourist and Excursion Administration was created, and the second under the jurisdiction of the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports, where the All-Union Tourism Section was created. In 1929, the ROT was renamed the OPT, which set itself the following tasks: acquaintance with the country for the purpose of self-education; development of moral and physical qualities; better use of leisure opportunities; as well as providing assistance to backward peoples in the development of cultural heritage; carrying out research work to identify the country's natural wealth. In its work, the OPT relied on cells in institutions, industrial enterprises, state farms and collective farms; There were district and regional PNT branches in all the republics. Routes were developed, methodical literature was published. In 1930, by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the All-Union Voluntary Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE) was created on the basis of the OPT and JSC (Joint Stock Company) "Soviet Tourist". OPTE carried out a lot of work to involve the population in hiking and excursions, to develop a network of tourist centers and routes. At the same time, tourism among schoolchildren has gained wide scope. In 1932, a central children's excursion and tourist station was created, after which similar stations began to be created in all republics and large cities. The established network of youth tourism stations is still operating, the number of which is more than 400, and the annual number of participants organized by these institutions is about 1.6 million participants. Tourism sections began to be created in DSOs and physical education teams. On March 26, 1939, the Sports Committee introduced the “USSR Tourist” badge, and in 1940 the title of tourism instructor was established. When in 1936 the titles “Master of Sports” and “Honored Master of Sports” were established for athletes, a tourist appeared among the Honored Masters: N.M. Gubanov. In the same year, by a decree of the Central Election Commission of the USSR, the management of work in the field of tourism was entrusted to the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. At this time, the tourist movement within the country acquired a mass character: 500 thousand people were already engaged in tourist clubs and cells, against 5 thousand in 1914. Tourism became a common form of recreation for hundreds of thousands of people. At the same time, there were still many problems, among which the underdevelopment of the material and technical base stood out. But, despite this, the tourist movement, thanks primarily to the enthusiasm of individuals, continued to grow and strengthen. In 1940, several thousand tourist sections operated at enterprises and educational institutions, 165 tourist bases and camps were created. Since January 1, 1940, tourism has been included in the GTO complex (“Ready for Labor and Defense” - a program of physical education in general education, professional and sports organizations).

In the prewar period, almost 3 million people took part in amateur campaigns - long-distance and weekend trips. The war interrupted the activities of tourist organizations. It took many years to reach pre-war levels. The increase in tourists united in tourist sections and clubs by complex sports trips required streamlining the training system based on uniform regulatory requirements.

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and the Central Committee of the Komsomol (Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union) undertook large-scale actions to develop tourism in the country. Already in 1945, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions made the appropriate decision. In the difficult post-war period, funds are allocated for the restoration and construction of new camp sites and camps. The creation of tourist clubs has received a special scope. They became the centers of consultations on the passage of sports routes, the place of work of the route-qualification commissions for types of tourism, they were the organizers of sports tourism. Sports tourism was first introduced into the Unified Sports Classification in 1949. This entailed the development of route and qualification (later route-qualification) commissions, the development of a classification of hiking trips.

Schools of tourism instructors began to operate in the 1950s. Since the mid-50s, the rapid development of amateur tourism and its highest manifestation - sports tourism began. In 1957, more than 50 tourist clubs operated in the country, while before the war there was only one in Rostov-on-Don. Tourism has become really massive.

In 1962, by decision of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, TEU (Tourist and Excursion Administration) were transformed into TsSTE, republican and regional councils, under whose jurisdiction amateur tourism was completely transferred. Sections and commissions on types of tourism began to work under the TSTE and local councils, and regional and city tourist clubs were created. Starting from 1965, category requirements began to function, including the award of categories and titles up to the title of Master of Sports for performing sports trips of the 5th category of complexity. (Resolution of the Presidium of the Central Council of the Union of Sports Societies and Organizations of the USSR. Protocol "4 of March 19, 1965").

Since 1970, all-Union competitions for the best tourist trip have been organized annually. Tourist trips were included in the TRP physical culture and sports complex. Since 1971, All-Union, republican, regional competitions for the best tourist trip have been held, which since 1981 have been transformed into Championships of the USSR, republics, etc. (Resolution of the TsSTE, protocol No. 16 b p. 5 of May 22, 1980, agreed with the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR). By the Decree of the Committee for Physical Culture and Sports of August 22, 1980, protocol No. 6, the winners of the USSR championships are awarded with gold, silver and bronze medals of the II degree. 100-150 teams participated in all-Union competitions and championships annually. In 1976, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions decided to create a single public tourism body - the TsSTE Tourism Federation and the formation of relevant local federations. S.V. was elected Chairman of the Federation. Zhuravlev - deputy. chairman of the All-Union Council of the DSO Trade Unions.

In 1985, the Federation began to be called the All-Union Federation, and the local federations - republican, regional and regional. A well-known tourist, Honored Master of Sports V.D. became the Chairman of the Federation. Tikhomirov. By the end of the 80s, 950 regional, city tourist clubs were created in the system of tourism councils, uniting thousands of public activists. Tourist sections and clubs worked in tens of thousands of physical education teams, which covered up to 10 million people with competitions and sports trips. More than 500,000 instructors, trek leaders, and competition judges have been trained at various levels of seminars, schools, and camps. More than 200 thousand sports tourists (about 20 thousand tourist groups) annually participated in sports trips.

At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, more than 40 thousand public commissions operated on the territory of the former USSR, in which about 700 thousand tourists participated. In 1990, the title of master of sports was awarded to 124 tourists, 1-3 category - to 80 thousand tourists, and the "USSR tourist" badge was awarded to 250 thousand tourists.

In 1992, after the collapse of the USSR, the International Tourist and Sports Union was created, and in 2002 the International Sports Tourism Federation was established, uniting tourists from the CIS and Baltic countries. The Tourist and Sports Union and the Federation of Sports Tourism of Russia began to work under the State Sports Committee of Russia. ZMS (Honored Master of Sports) I.E. became the president. Vostokov.

Starting from 1994, the category requirements for sports tourism introduced the awarding of the title of Master of Sports of international class for performing sports trips of the 6th category of complexity, corresponding to world achievements, and also included competitions in tourist all-around, which were previously called competitions in tourism techniques. The parent organization is a public organization - the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia (Federation of Sports Tourism). Abbreviated as TSSR.

Beginning in 1998, ST passed the critical point of its downfall; there are positive trends in its development. This became possible thanks to the organizational, methodological and financial support from the state committees for physical culture, sports and tourism, the efforts of the public tourism asset and, most importantly, the desire of the socially unprotected segments of the population themselves to solve the problem of their recreation and a healthy lifestyle in a difficult city ​​situations. Against this background, in the territorial state committees, there is a steady process of creating full-time departments involved in the development of sports tourism.

In Russia, in terms of the number of people involved, sports tourism is among the top ten places among all sports. In 2008, according to the official statistics of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism, this is more than 340 thousand athletes, and taking into account the mass physical culture movement, which includes children's and youth sports and health tourism - more than 3 million people.

To date, sports tourism, in modern society, manifests itself as one of the most important types of tourism activities, which for many people is an integral component of life, an effective means of restoring physical and mental health, as well as a necessary condition for exciting spending their free time. This is a whole social movement, the most important goal of which is the formation of a healthy lifestyle for each individual and society as a whole.

But at the same time, since 2009, there has been a tendency to misunderstand the importance of this movement. A number of problems have accumulated that lead to a decrease in the status of sports tourism, the destruction of the movement and the sport, a decrease in security, which does not correspond to the national interests of the country. There is a tendency to ignore and neglect the opinion of public sports organizations. It takes years to approve norms - rules and discharge requirements and other documents. There is a fear of the responsibility of officials and distrust of the public, which blocks decisions, the adoption of regulatory documents and the development of this sport. Over the past three years, the category requirements for sports tourism in the basic group of disciplines "route" for performing sports routes (hikes) have not been approved, the titles of Master of Sports and Master of Sports of international class have been eliminated, even youth categories are not assigned. All this leads to a decrease in safety and an increase in injuries on the routes due to a decrease in traffic control, since the lack of proper incentives leads to an increase in the number of unorganized "wild", unregistered groups that do not comply with the strict safety requirements of the competition rules. Decreased motivation affects both participants and coaches. Athletes with sports titles have always been an example and a driving force in the education of young people. This position contradicts the main directions of national policy set by the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev to raise mass sports, improve health and social support for the population, causing a great negative public response. State support for tourist sports organizations is insufficient. There is practically no funding for competitions and other tourist events. As before, there is a trend of development at one's own expense.

Given the above, we can conclude that ST is a nationwide sport in Russia, reflecting national traditions. There are three main periods in the history of the emergence of sports tourism in Russia - pre-war, pre-war and post-war. Considering these periods, there is a certain trend in the development of sports tourism: the wide spread of the sports and tourism industry - the transition from a professional approach to sports and tourism events to an amateur one - large-scale actions to develop this tourism in the country.

Sports tourism is not only sports. It allows you to get acquainted with the culture of the peoples living in the travel area, enjoy the contemplation of amazing landscapes, and experience the thrill of a pioneer explorer. As for the direct development of this type of tourism, a number of certain trends can be traced here. If in the 90s sports tourism was mainly developed with the help of state funds, then in modern times, instead of state funds, commercial ones have become - i.e. development at your own expense. As a result, public funding has been reduced to a minimum. In addition to budget cuts, the number of people involved in sports tourism has sharply decreased, there is a noticeable democratization of relations between man, the state and nature, the disappearance of some and the emergence of other prohibitions and restrictions. Also quite an important trend is the problem of emasculation of the main essence of sports tourism - its natural habitat. There are events that can hardly be called touristic. The legislative and regulatory framework, which is the basis for the implementation of state policy in the field of socially oriented sports tourism, does not currently guarantee its development. There is a tendency to misunderstand the importance of the tourist and sports movement, mainly on the part of the authorities. However, recently there have been positive trends in its development, in the territorial state committees there is a steady process of creating full-time units involved in the development of this tourism.

Types of sports tours

The purpose of sports tours is adventure, overcoming difficulties. Active tours are divided by means of transportation.

Allocate hiking, skiing, water (rafting on kayaks, wooden or inflatable rafts - rafts, catamarans, boats, yachts, etc.), horse riding, cycling. Speleotourism is also distinguished separately - visiting caves, mountaineering - climbing mountain peaks. In Russia, mountain tourism is distinguished separately - hiking in the mountains in order to overcome a certain number of mountain passes. Stationary sports tourism - various types of recreation at sea (diving, surfing, yachting, water skiing, etc.) and in the mountains (skiing, sleighing, snowboarding, para - and hang gliding, etc.).

Types of sports tourism

By type of movement are distinguished:

Automototourism - travel (hiking) along the chosen route on cars and motorcycles for personal use;

Bicycle tourism (bicycle tourism) is one of the types of tourism in which the bicycle is the main or only means of transportation. The concept of "bicycle tourism" is ambiguous and refers to both one of the types of outdoor activities and a variety of sports tourism;

Water tourism is one of the types of sports tourism, which consists in overcoming the route along the water surface. There are several types of water tourism: river rafting, rafting, sailing tourism, sea kayaking;

Sailing tourism - travel along inland waterways and in the coastal waters of the seas and oceans on sailing ships;

Equestrian tourism (horse tourism) - travel on horseback or in carriages. One of the types of sports tourism, which consists in the passage on a horse of routes containing obstacles specific for equestrian tourism (passes, forests, rivers);

Ski tourism - movement on the route is carried out mainly on skis. Tourist skis are used to overcome natural obstacles;

Motorcycle tourism;

Hiking - movement on the route is carried out mainly on foot. The main goal is to overcome the route on foot by the group along the slightly rugged terrain;

Mountain tourism - hiking in high mountains;

Speleotourism is a kind of sports tourism, the meaning is to travel through natural underground cavities (caves) and overcome various obstacles in them (siphons, wells) using various special equipment (scuba gear, carabiners, ropes, hooks, individual safety systems, etc.). The opening of new speleotourist routes is associated with the study of caves - speleology.;

Combined tourism is a type of competition in sports tourism, which consists in passing an extremely oriented distance, combining several types of tourism, and practicing rescue, life support and survival in the natural environment.

According to age and social characteristics, sports tourism is divided into:

Children's tourism;

youth tourism;

adult tourism;

Family tourism;

Tourism for people with disabilities.

In recent years, the following areas of sports tourism have been actively developed: travel (including solo travel); extreme tourism; distance discipline; distance discipline indoors on artificial terrain; short routes in the class of sports trips.

Forms and activities:

organization of sports trips and trips;

Carrying out sports and scientific expeditions;

holding championships and competitions, including international ones;

· conducting sports schools for training personnel - instructors and guides for sports tourism;

commercial sports tourism;

organization of fairs, rallies, tours;

· maintenance of data banks of collective members, novelties of tourist equipment, routes, passes, peaks and other technically difficult obstacles;

· activity on the account and assignment of sports, instructor and judicial ranks;

organization of youth and family tourism.

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• Introduction
• 1.2 Types of sports tourism
• 3.2 Prospects for the development of sports tourism in Ukraine
• Conclusion
• Bibliography

Introduction

The relevance of this work is determined by the fact that sports tourism has been and continues to be an integral part of the life of most of the world's population, having a positive effect on the human body, maintaining health and good physical shape. Sports tourism in Ukraine is a national sport with centuries-old historical traditions. It includes not only the sports component, but also a special spiritual sphere, and the way of life of the wanderers themselves. Sports tourism refers to a social sport, it is carried out by segments of the population that do not have large incomes - youth, students, intellectuals, teachers, doctors.

Sports tourism performs a variety of sports, health, recreational, educational, educational, economic and other functions, but for a number of factors, the level of their implementation today does not meet the potential of the tourist and sports movement in Ukraine.

The main feature of sports tourism is that, unlike most other sports, it does not require relatively large material costs, since, firstly, it develops in the existing environment and does not require significant investments for the preparation and conduct of tourist and sports events. mass events and the construction of special facilities for their holding, secondly, the material, technical and organizational support of these events is largely carried out by the forces and means of the tourists themselves, thirdly, a public system for training and raising personnel has already been established and is operating, which, with minimal spending by the state can continue to function effectively.

sports tourism ukraine route

The development of new areas of sports tourism of extreme, adventure, sailing and other trips, carrying out trips combined by types of tourism using the country's available natural and recreational, historical, cultural and human resources, not only creates conditions for attracting the population of Ukraine to active sports tourism, but and has a stimulating effect on the development of international and foreign tourism, contributes to the overall development of the tourism industry in Ukraine as a potentially highly profitable sector of the economy and its entry into the global tourism market.

However, today, despite the potentially great opportunities, its social and economic significance, sports tourism in Ukraine is underdeveloped. The difficulties that sports tourism has encountered in its development are primarily related to the economic problems of the development of society, as well as the almost complete lack of state and public support for this sport, imperfection, and in some cases the lack of modern legal, methodological and an information base that would take into account its realities, as well as internal organizational problems in the tourist and sports movement itself, which have accumulated in recent years.

The basic condition for the further dynamic development of sports tourism is the creation of its effective national model as a mass amateur sport and the sport of high achievements, which contributed to the growth of sportsmanship of tourists.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the development of sports tourism in the world and assess the prospects for its development in Ukraine.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. To reveal the content of the concept of "sports tourism";

2. Analyze the types and forms of sports tourism;

3. To characterize the main types of sports tourism in the world;

4. Analyze the state of development of sports tourism in Ukraine;

5. Determine the prospects for the development of sports tourism in Ukraine.

The course work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources used

Section 1. General characteristics of sports tourism

1.1 The concept and role of sports tourism

Sports tourism is a sport to overcome a certain segment of the earth's surface, which is called a route. At the same time, the "terrestrial surface" means not only the ground surface of the Earth, but also stone, and water, etc. During the passage of the route, various specific natural obstacles are overcome. For example, mountain peaks and passes (in mountain tourism) or river rapids (in river rafting).

Sports tourism is an active and often extreme type of travel. It implies autonomous overcoming of large distances and various local obstacles, which requires the tourist to be physically strong, in good health and possessing various skills. Unlike conventional routes, sports tourism trails are classified according to difficulty levels.

They are determined by the presence of all kinds of obstacles on the way - peaks, passes, canyons, rocks, glaciers, river rapids, etc. Overcoming routes of a certain length and complexity entitles a tourist to receive a sports title - from a youthful category to a master of sports of international class.

Sports tourism is usually a group tourism, as a rule, the team consists of 5-10 people.

Sports tourism is an integral part of the nationwide system of physical culture and sports and is aimed at improving health, developing the physical, moral-volitional and intellectual abilities of a person by attracting people to participate in sports trips of varying complexity and sports tourism competitions.

Sports tourism is an important means of promoting the increase in social and labor activity of people, satisfying their moral, aesthetic and creative needs, the vital need for mutual communication, the development of friendly relations between peoples and the strengthening of peace.

Sports tourism aims at sports improvement in overcoming natural obstacles. This means the improvement of the whole complex of knowledge, skills and abilities, physical fitness necessary for the safe movement of a person through an area saturated with natural obstacles during a hike.

In sports tourism, the main motive for training is the development and improvement of the level of knowledge, skills and abilities to overcome natural obstacles of various forms of natural relief. In sports tourism, the main result of classes is sports improvement, including the physical and spiritual improvement of a person in natural conditions, health improvement; physical and spiritual development of a person; aesthetic and moral-volitional education of knowledge of history and modernity, cultures and customs of the local population; respect for nature and respect for national traditions.

1.2 Types of sports tourism

Sports tourism is one of the most popular sports. It has a centuries-old history and traditions that contain not only a sporting component, but also a special worldview of adventurers, as well as an unusual way of life. Sports tourism includes many different areas.

Alpinism - the conquest of mountain peaks and the passage of passes along certain routes;

Mountain tourism - hikes at an altitude of more than 3000 m with overcoming local obstacles;

Hiking - moving on the plains and mountains, at an altitude of less than 3000 m;

Water tourism - rafting, kayaking, kayaking, rafting, sailing tourism;

Auto tourism - rally and other races on routes containing categorized obstacles;

Ski tourism - ski slopes, snowboarding, cross-country skiing;

Bicycle tourism - bike rides of varying complexity, team competitions in cycling.

Types of sports tourism are shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Types of sports tourism

Combined sports tourism is often practiced, when travelers on one route have to overcome obstacles inherent in its various types. This form of competition is called tourist all-around.

Depending on the place of travel, tourism is divided into international and domestic, it can be far and close, depending on the distance. International tourism, in turn, is divided into inbound (foreigners in Ukraine) and outbound (citizens of Ukraine - abroad). Domestic tourism involves the travel of citizens within their state. Both international and domestic travel can be carried out for cultural, educational, health-improving, religious and sports purposes, organized for children, youth, families, etc.

Sports tourism has certain rank requirements for obtaining sports titles and ranks. Sports tourism in terms of level refers to the social, in the form of organization - to amateur, for physical activity - to active, in terms of the composition of participants - to the group.

Some types of tourism are included in the sports classification as part of sports tourism. It is clear that these types of tourism can develop within the framework of any type of tourism, but in sports tourism they are normalized by certain requirements for the duration, length of the route and natural obstacles in hiking and traveling.

Types of tourism, not included in the sports classification, are varied. The most famous of them include: skiing, water-motor, equestrian and other types of tourism.

1.3 Categorization of tourist routes

In sports tourism, the regulatory framework associated with the organization and holding of sports trips, tourist competitions and other events is quite well developed.

Methodological bases for categorizing tourist routes in various types of tourism have been developed. Depending on the difficulty of the obstacles to be overcome, the hiking area, autonomy, novelty, route length and a number of other indicators characteristic of a particular type of sports tourism, hikes are divided into weekend hikes (PVD), non-categorical and categorical (Table 1.1). PVD are one-day and two-day trips.

Table 1.1

Basic standards of tourist and sports trips

Category hikes are divided into six categories of difficulty in ascending order of difficulty. The main indicators that determine the category of complexity of the trip are local obstacles (LP) (passes, peaks, etc.) and other factors specific to certain types of tourism (area, total elevation difference, autonomy, etc.).

Each type of tourism has its own typical obstacles and factors that reflect its specifics. Routes of a higher difficulty category contain more difficult obstacles or a greater number (level) of factors.

In addition, taking into account the specifics of children's and youth tourism, three degrees of complexity of non-categorical hiking trips were established at the initial stage of sports tourism (Table 2), which are used when assigning youth categories.

Depending on the inclusion of sections (obstacles) from other types of tourism in the route, the route may become "combined".

A hike is considered to be combined, the components of which are sports routes from different types of tourism or have obstacles from different types of tourism. The category of complexity of the combined route is determined depending on the number of LPs from different types of tourism included in the route.

Section 2. World centers of sports tourism

2.1 Ski tourism, mountaineering

All over the world, the regulation of slopes according to four degrees of difficulty has been adopted in order to disperse skiers on the slopes to ensure their safety. The main task of the designers of the ski resort is a set of slopes and trails of varying difficulty with the allocation of places for training beginners and children away from the main trails, the approaches to which should not cross the main trails.

Comparative characteristics of well-known sports downhill tracks are shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1.

Comparative characteristics of downhill slopes

Note. Compiled based on the source: Kolotova E.V. Recreational resource science. M., 1998.

As can be seen from the table, the track in the Dombai resort has ideal conditions for downhill skiing. The resort of Col de Putron is approaching. Cheget is characterized by more difficult descent conditions, since there are no sections with small slopes on its route.

Consider the features of ski tourism in Western Europe On the example of Switzerland. The season at ski resorts starts from the end of November - the beginning of December and lasts until the beginning of April, and in some resorts - until the beginning of May.

The central airports that welcome guests in Switzerland are located in the cities of Zurich and Geneva.

The resort of Scuol is known for the fact that it is here that the Swiss themselves have a rest. Scuol is the cultural and historical center of the Lower Engadine, where the population still speaks the ancient Romansh language, the fourth official language of Switzerland. Indoor and outdoor pools with thermal water, with an amazing variety of massage jets, a sea water pool (water contains 2% salt), saunas, the first Roman-Irish baths in Switzerland, a therapy center and a beauty salon where various massages are available, mud baths , hay wrap, physiotherapy, underwater massage, drinking healing mineral water.

Gstaadt is considered one of the most prestigious holiday destinations. This is the resting place of kings, movie stars and the world's biggest businessmen. Gstaad is located only 80 km from Bern and 150 km from Geneva.

Tracks - 60:

(for beginners) - 30%

(medium difficulty) - 50%

(complex) - 20%

Gondolas/Funiculars - 4 Lifts - 17:

Armchair (2-seater) - 5

Rope - 8

Snowboard - fan park /Halfpipes (5)

Cross-country ski trails - 20 km

Toboggan runs - 1

Gstaad is essentially a large association of eight resorts, and this association is unofficially called the "Super Ski Region".

Grand Bellevue 4*

The resort of Zermatt, due to its location (at an altitude of 1620 m, in the heart of the Alpine mountain system), welcomes skiers all year round. Zermatt is a "car-free world" because in order to preserve the cleanliness of the environment, the movement of motor vehicles is prohibited in the city, and the only transport is electric cars, as well as horse-drawn sleighs (in winter) and carriages (in summer).

Total length of marked trails (Zermatt and Cervinia) - 400 km

Easy / blue slopes - 17.5 km

Medium difficulty / red slopes - 106 km

Difficult / black runs - 70.5km

Various unprepared/yellow runs

The longest track - 15 km

Number of lifts - 58 (9 cabins, 10 funiculars, 19 chairlifts, 20 rope tows)

Cross-country ski trails - 10 km

Snowboarding - 1 fan park

Toboggan runs - 2

Crans-Montana is located at around 1500 meters above sea level. Crans-Montana hosts the FIS World Cup every year. As a resort, it is popular due to its dry, healthy climate, clean mountain air and sunny weather. The "Piste National" track is also famous, the length of which is 3670 m with a maximum slope of 61 degrees.

Lift

Trails - 50

Total length of tracks - 160 km

Blue slopes - 20 (60 km)

Red slopes - 28 (80 km)

Black slopes - 2 (20 km)

Number of lifts - 30

(4 cabins, 5 funiculars, 21 chairlifts)

Snowboard - fun park (2) /half pipes

Flat ski track - 50 km

Toboggan runs - 1

One of the most beautiful corners in the world, Saas-Fee is located among the highest Alpine peaks - thirteen mountain giants, with a height of over 4000 m famous restaurant and ice grotto). The route from the Mittel-Allalin station is the longest in the region (14 km), the elevation difference is 1778 m.

Trails for beginners - 30%

Trails of medium difficulty - 45%

Trails for experienced skiers - 25%

Lifts - 26:

Gondola / Funicular - 7

Chairlifts - 2

Rope ropes - 17

Cross-country ski trails - 8km

Verbier ranks fourth in the international classification among the largest ski "stadiums" in the world. Its pistes are unusually diverse, amazing in the beauty of the mountain landscape and easily accessible. 410 kilometers of prepared pistes. Verbier is famous for its festival "Verbier Festival&Academy", which attracts stars and celebrities of the music world and show business.

Main ski resorts in France:

Three Valleys (3 Vallees):

Meribel

Mottaret

Val Thorens

Les Menuires

Courchevel

La Tania

Brides-les-Bains

Espace Killy:

Val d'Isere

Tignes

Paradiski:

Les Arcs

La Plagne

Characteristics of the regions of skiing

Three Valleys - the highest ski center in Europe, the largest number of lifts, slopes, snow cannons, a whole army of instructors. The Three Valleys unite 6 main resorts - Meribel, Val Thorens, Menuires, Courchevel, La Tania, Brides-les-Bains, which are interconnected by a network of lifts.

The height of the Val Thorens resort is 2300 m above sea level. Ski area - 1800-3200 m, total length of tracks - 140 km

The ski area in the French Alps - Paradiski (Paradiski) - includes two well-known ski areas: Les Arcs (Les Arc) and La Plagne (La Plagne) and another small area of ​​Peisey-Vallandry (Peisey-Vallandry). Paradiski is: 2 glaciers (Chiaupe on Bellecote in La Plagne and Varet on Aiguille Rouge in Arc-2000), 20 ski stations, an interesting snowboarding area: 2 snow parks, 2 halp-pipes, 1 special track, excellent conditions for children's education: 34 lifts, 23 kindergartens, 2 playgrounds, 9 rolling mats.

Chamonix is ​​one of the most popular ski resorts in Europe. The Chamonix Valley is located at the foot of the Mont Blanc glaciers and stretches for 16 km from the village of Les Houches to the town of Argentiere. In its very center is the city of Chamonix - the center of tourist activity. The city is located at the crossroads of the borders of France, Italy and Switzerland (16 km through the Le Monte Pass).

Characteristics of Chamonix resort

Elevation difference - 2808 m

Ski area - 1035-3843 m

Trails - 100

Total length of tracks - 170 km

The longest track - 22 km

Greens-21%

Reds-32%

Black-14%

Number of lifts - 49

Funiculars - 6

Gondola lifts - 4

Chair lifts - 18

Ski lifts - 21

Flat track - 42 km

Total skiing area - 762 hectares

Snowpark, halfpipes

Ski-pass - 216 euros for 6 days

The main ski areas of Andorra are combined into two main areas:

Grand Valira in the east and

Val Nord in the west.

Grand Valira includes resorts:

Soldeu-El Tarter (Soldeu-El Tarter)

Pas De La Casa-Grau Roig (Pas de la Casa-Grau Roig)

Val Nord forms resorts:

Pal-Arsinal (Pal-Arsinal)

Ordino-Arkalis (Ordino-Arkalis)

The skiing season in Andorra lasts from December to mid-April.

Skiing is the most popular winter sport in Finland. Unlike the Alps, where the ski season is highly dependent on the vagaries of the weather, and rain and warm winds make the snow cover unstable, the continental climate of northeastern Europe guarantees an abundance of snow from November to May, which favorably affects the development of ski tourism in Finland. When the first signs of spring already appear in the country at the beginning of the year and the day begins to arrive, in Northern Finland the ski season is just reaching its peak. The average duration of winter in Southern Finland is 135 days, and in Lapland about 200 days.

The extra-long snow period in Northern Finland starts in October and lasts until mid-May. In Eastern and Central Finland, the first snow falls in November. In Lapland in March - April you can ride under the spring sun. During this period, skiers have 16 hours of daylight at their disposal. For those who wish, there is always the possibility of night walks in the light of the moon. Indicative rule when determining the presence of snow and the duration of daylight hours in winter recreation areas: February - Southern Finland, March - Central Finland, April - Lapland.

In contrast to the Alps, the ski resorts in Finland do not have oxygen deficiency problems, since the ski centers are located at lower altitudes. There is no such strong dependence of temperature and snow conditions on the vagaries of the weather as in the Alps, which makes it easier to choose a ski wax.

Ski resorts in Finland are a traditional holiday destination for Russian tourists. There are more than 120 ski centers in Finland.

Developed infrastructure makes Finnish resorts especially attractive for families. Most of them have special slopes for children and children's playgrounds. All resorts have trails for flat skiing and snowmobiles, many centers have slopes for snowboarding, telemark and freestyle. The favorite pastimes of tourists in their free time from skiing are safaris on motorized sledges, dog and reindeer sleds, snowshoeing, ice fishing and recreation in water health centers and water parks. Finnish resorts offer a wide range of accommodation - from cottages and apartments to upscale hotels. Peak ski season in Finland is in February-April, when the snow quality is optimal. In most Lapland resorts where snow cannons are used, the season runs from October to May.

Table 2.2.

Changes in temperature and precipitation in the main ski resorts: Kuopio

The table shows that the ski season in this tourist complex is favorable from December 10 to March 5.

Kuusamo Ruka

Rovaniemi

It can be seen that throughout the season in these ski centers the temperatures are low, which is an important factor for tourists.

The biggest ski resorts are in Lapland, but the ski slopes of Southern Finland are quite suitable for beginners and amateur skiers. The most popular ski resorts in Northern Finland are Levi, Saariselkä, Luosto, Ruka, Ylläs, Ollos-Pallas, Iso-Syute, and Vuokatti; in Southern and Central Finland, Himos, Tahko and Messilä are the most popular.

The slopes of the hills in the northern and eastern regions of the country are steeper, and the greatest pleasure can be obtained far north, in Lapland. The longest descents in the southern regions are about 1 km long with a height difference of about 150 m. In Central Finland, you can find hills 200m high and a slope length of 1km, and on the Lapland fells, the elevation difference reaches 450m and the length of the descent is sometimes up to 3km. The largest ski centers have up to 30 slopes and 20 lifts.

According to the degree of difficulty, the following four types of trails are distinguished, which are marked on the slopes in different colors: easy - green, medium - blue, difficult - red and especially difficult - black. The skier chooses routes according to his strength. In this he is helped by the colorful schemes of the tracks, posted at the ski stations of the cable cars. This regulation of the tracks serves to streamline the skiing of skiers (distributing them along the slopes) and to ensure safety.

The prestige of any ski center depends on the quantity and quality of its cable cars, their performance. The most famous resorts in Finland, such as Kuopio, Himos, Lahti, have a developed network of cable cars: pendulum-type cabin roads, gondola roads, chairlifts, ski tows.

Alpinism is a kind of mountain tourism; a journey that includes climbing peaks. This is a sports tourism that requires good physical fitness and high qualifications from the participants. The emergence of mountaineering is usually attributed to 1786, when the Swiss J. Balma and M. Paccard peaked Mont Blanc - the highest in the Alps (4807 m). The climb to Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano (4750m) by D. Gauss expedition members in 1788 is considered to be the first ascent in Russia. The highest peak of the Earth - Everest (8848 m) - was conquered in 1953 by New Zealander E. Hillary and Sherpa N. Tenzing.

Since mountaineering is associated with an increased risk to the lives of climbers, its mass character is not high. Beginning climbers are trained in climbing camps, where training camps, rallies, and competitions are also held. Climbing camps are both temporary tent-type and stationary with summer houses or permanent buildings. Often in the summer season, empty ski bases and resorts are used. Alpine camps are created during alpiniades - mass ascents of climbers to simple peaks.

For climbers of the highest qualification, national and world championships are held. The most prestigious for climbing among professional climbers are the "eight-thousanders" of the Himalayas (Chomolungma-Everest, Annapurna and others - a total of 11 peaks) and Karakoram (Chogori, 8611 m, etc.). The rating of professional climbers also depends on the conquest of the highest peaks of each continent (Europe - Mont Blanc, Africa - Kilimanjaro, North America - McKinley, South America - Aconcagua, Australia - Kosciuszko). For mountain climbing in the mountains have become an important source of income. For example, serving numerous expeditions seeking to conquer Chomolungma and other Himalayan peaks, provides the lion's share of tourism income in Nepal.

2.2 Mountain and hiking tourism (trekking)

Mountain tourism is a rather extensive category of outdoor activities. It includes travel in highlands, rock climbing, speleology, rafting, geological research, expeditions to get acquainted with the flora and fauna. According to the official definition of the World Tourism Organization, mountain tourism is the overcoming of routes that lie at an altitude of at least 3 thousand meters above sea level. In accordance with this interpretation, in Ukraine there are no mountains of such height that travel over them could be qualified as mountain tourism.

Mountain tourism does not provide for official climbing to the peaks, as is the case in mountaineering - if the main goal of the climber is to conquer the peaks, then the task of the tourist is to overcome distances and obstacles. However, when overcoming routes of the highest categories of complexity, the boundaries between mountaineering and mountain tourism practically disappear.

The most popular mountain tourism centers in the world are the Alps, the Himalayas, Tibet, the Caucasus, the Pamirs and the Argentine Andes. It is important that these mountain systems are covered by a good tourist infrastructure, thanks to which you can choose a route that best suits your physical abilities and interests. For lovers of mountain tourism in Ukraine, the Caucasus Mountains are the most accessible, however, due to the instability of this region, in the past two decades, tourist flows to this region have noticeably decreased. After the entry of Switzerland into the Schengen area, the Alpine direction, on the contrary, demonstrates a dynamic growth in popularity. Almost everything, even the smallest towns located in the Alps, has a developed tourist service, so the cost of a tourist trip to this region can vary widely. The same applies to Nepal, where mass trekking is developing extremely rapidly.

In recent years, a less extreme kind of hiking in the mountains, called trekking, has been developing extremely dynamically. Such mountain tourism provides for hiking from one camp site to another along routes of varying difficulty. The crossings can last several days and involve spending the night in tents or in mountain shelters. Usually trekking routes are laid out in such a way that travelers visit a variety of landscapes - they overcome thickets of forests, passes, mountain rivers, rocky slopes, glaciers and snowfields. Practicing trekking tourists do not spend all their strength and attention on overcoming too difficult obstacles and can immerse themselves in the diversity of flora and fauna of the mountains.

Hiking or trekking belongs to the category of sports travel, in some cases it can be classified as eco-tourism. Hiking is one of the most popular types of outdoor activities, as it is available to almost all healthy people. Hiking tourism implies complete freedom in choosing a route, which can be quickly adjusted during the journey. The popularity of hikes is also due to the relatively low cost of the equipment needed for them and, as a rule, the small distance of interesting routes.

By analogy with mountain tourism, hiking trips are classified into 6 levels of difficulty. For example, weekend hikes have difficulty categories 1-3, and the highest, sixth category, implies the presence of serious local obstacles on the route - rivers, ravines, rocks, passes, etc. For hiking trips of a certain distance and duration, their participants are assigned the ranks and titles of masters of sports. Hiking is well developed on all continents, including Antarctica, but it is most popular in Europe, North America and the Himalayas.

Hiking in Europe

The European continent is distinguished by a huge variety of cultures and landscapes, it has the largest number of museums, sights and historical monuments. Various concerts, festivals, fairs, fashion shows and other interesting events are regularly held here. On the territory of Europe, there is the world's most developed network of hostels - hotels offering accommodation in Spartan conditions for a nominal fee of about 5 euros. All this, as well as the transparency of the borders, makes Europe extremely attractive for backpackers. Trekking reaches its peak in summer, when hiking can be combined with visits to the beaches. In addition, many attractions are available for tours only during the tourist, i.e., summer season.

Hiking in America

In the US, hiking is truly a national hobby. This is facilitated by the diversity of natural conditions characteristic of this country and the developed system of campsites. As a rule, hikers go by car to the camp of the same travelers, and then make hiking trips with a backpack and a tent. Especially popular are eight so-called. National landscape trails, where not only Americans rest, but also tourists from all over the world. In South America, trekking is localized mainly in the Andes. In particular, the legendary Inca trail in Peru, 33 km long, is very popular with Europeans.

Hiking in Central Asia

Exotic lovers who have sufficient financial resources often choose the Himalayan and Tibetan mountains for trekking. In these places, the system of shelters and mini-hotels for tourists is quite well developed. For a fairly small fee, you can travel between them in groups or prefer an independent hike, accompanied by a guide and a porter. As a rule, walking routes pass at an altitude of 1-3 thousand meters above sea level and run through a variety of landscape areas. Trekking is most common in Nepal.

2.3 Water sports tourism

Water tourism is an extremely broad concept that includes a large number of its types. Often it is combined with educational tourism, when, rafting down the river, vacationers get acquainted with the wonders of local nature, sights of cities and historical and cultural monuments.

The most popular types of water tourism are river rafting, rafting, sailing, kayaking and diving. All of them require travelers to be in good physical shape.

Fans of outdoor activities on the water, who are ready to experience the thrill and compete with the water element, choose rafting.

Diving is underwater swimming with special equipment. This is a rather expensive kind of extreme tourism.

Diving tourism is not a cheap pleasure (Table 2.3.).

Table 2.3

Average cost of 1 day of diving (daily-diving) in some places

Currently, there are several aspects limiting the spread of diving tourism geography. They are:

political and state structure;

military actions;

underdevelopment of infrastructure, service maintenance of equipment and equipment;

poverty in recreational resources, underwater facilities, etc.

The political and state structure, military actions are the countries of the Middle East, the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, the countries of the coast of Africa. For example, the state of Oman has a very rich underwater world, but there is a danger to tourists from terrorist organizations. There are countries with excellent service, dive centers, tourist complexes, with various types of recreation and entertainment, but the underwater world is poor, sometimes due to harmful anthropogenic impact. For example, the countries of the Black Sea, Western Europe, the Baltics. Another example: a rich underwater world, diverse flora and fauna, the presence of interesting underwater objects, but practically diving is not developed, there are no large hotel complexes on the coast, scuba diving services, diver bases, a few dive centers and companies organizing dive routes - These are Russia and Vietnam. An analysis of various sources showed that the main centers of underwater tourism are located in countries with rich flora and fauna, with a favorable climate, high service for tourists and equipment.

Windsurfing is a type of sailing; racing on a special oval carbon fiber board with a rough surface for stability, with stabilizer fins on the bottom plane and a small sail attached to the board.

Surfing is the same, only without a sail. Actually, windsurfing originated from surfing. With good wind, you can reach speeds of more than 10 - 12 m / s. Well, the record for today is more than 70 km / h.

Consider the world's most popular surfing centers.

1) Safaga is located 50 kilometers south of the familiar Hurghada (airport) on the Red Sea coast and is deservedly considered one of the popular surf and kite resorts. As you drive along the coast towards Safaga, you will find yourself in the middle of a desert landscape. The contrast between the blue sea and the barren desert will impress you for a long time.

Safaga itself is a small, typically Egyptian town. There are only a few hotels there and they are located outside the city on the seashore.

2) Dahab is located in the southeast of the Sinai Peninsula. It is known as the best place for windsurfing in the Red Sea.

The shores of the Gulf of Aqaba, in this place are mountainous and the wind accelerates quite strongly in this pipe. The lagoon, on the banks of which all the hotels are located, is about 2 kilometers long and 800 meters wide. The shores are a magnificent sandy beach.

A platform has been built in the sea where you can sit and take a breath. No one goes far into the sea, because the wind is weaker there and the wave is not so steep.

3) O. Sal belongs to the group of islands of the country of Cape Verde. This is the Atlantic, opposite to Dakar (Africa), 2000 km south of the Canary Islands. The main place of the surf party is located in the center of Santa Maria Bay in the center of Club Mistarl with an extensive coastal infrastructure around (Beach bars, etc.). The place is quite suitable for wind - and kite - surfing Since the beach is very large, very similar to Tarifa, there are a lot of places for kitesurfing.

In general, in the town of Santa Maria, the conditions are quite mild, it is difficult to break on the rocks and there are no large waves.

The wind is mostly cross-shorr (i.e. sideways).

4) Tarifa is considered the capital of the winds. In addition, this is the most popular surf and kite spot in Europe. It is located at the narrowest point of the Strait of Gibraltar. Apparently the wind flies through this narrowing according to Bernoulli's law, that is, it accelerates. Tarifa is the southernmost point in Spain. Africa is 16 km from here. You stand on the shore, on the left is the Mediterranean Sea, and on the right is the Atlantic Ocean.

Local winds are called Levante (from the sea) and Poniente (from the ocean).

Tarifa is a year-round surf - kite - resort.

5) Cornwall, Newquay - Foggy Albion Surfing

Newquay (Newquay) - a town in the south of Cornwall, about 8 hours from London

The history of British surfing is amazing. There is a version that surfing in Britain was first heard after the First World War. From the soldiers who returned home, who were told about this amazing occupation by fellow front-line soldiers from the Australian and South African colonies. And the first prototypes of the surfboard were “sawed out” in Cornwall by a local undertaker.

Like all of England, Newquay is distinguished by its high cost. For reference (all in pounds sterling): round trip bus ticket - 45; housing - 15-40 per day; food - 5-10 per day; equipment rental - 5-10 per hour.

6) In the USA, the main centers for the development of surfing are: Hawaii, California and Florida

For any surfer, Hawaii is a sacred place. This is where surfing as such appeared many hundreds of years ago. Then it was the sport of kings - only noble Polynesians could afford to ride on long wooden boards on the waves. And today, anyone can surf in Hawaii, both a professional and a beginner. Hollywood stars such as Cameron Diaz and Justin Timberlake often come here in search of a heavenly vacation and a good wave.

It was on the Hawaiian Islands that the popular surfer style of clothing (bright colors and floral patterns) was born.

The coast of California, especially places like Santa Cruz and Huntington Beach, is a "classic" of the world of surfing. It was here that surf culture reached its dawn in the second half of the 20th century. The most famous films about desperate big wave seekers were filmed here: ("Cute" ("Gidget"), "Going Crazy for Surf" ("Surf Crazy"), "Barefoot Adventure" ("Barefoot Adventure"), "Endless Summer" ("The Endless Summer")). A style of music called surf was born here (the classics of this style are the Beach Boys and Jean & Dean).

Florida

Miami is the most popular resort in Florida due to its numerous attractions and beautiful beaches. A variety of restaurants, bars, trendy nightclubs and shops are an integral part of a Miami vacation. Surf lessons take place on the famous South Beach Miami, so you can choose one of the many hotels in the beach area for accommodation.

The best time for skiing is from December to May. The water temperature varies from 19? From winter to 32? Happy summer. The standard course consists of three lessons of 2-3 hours each. After completing the course, all the necessary equipment for self-study is provided.

Kayaking is a popular form of recreation abroad, gaining more and more popularity in Ukraine. This is a solo sport, although it is not without team spirit. It makes it possible to challenge the elements and stay with her one on one. In modern kayaking, three main directions are developing - rowing slalom, rodeo and rafting.

Rafting - extreme water tourism, which every year finds more and more fans. Rafting is a wonderful holiday for those who have never held an oar in their hands, and for experienced tourists - watermen. For beginners, it is difficult to navigate in all the variety of tours.

Rafting is fundamentally different from other types of water tourism both in the type of vessel on which the rafting is carried out and in ideology. Rafting is a commercial type of rafting, i.e. no previous experience is required to participate in the rafting. It is enough to pay for the tour, and you are in the group. Accordingly, the rivers for rafting should be easily accessible, i.e. roads are laid to them for the start and finish of the route.

Examples of classic routes:

Dalaman 3-5 grades - Turkey;

Melun 3-4 K. s. - Turkey;

Bhote-Kosti 4-5 K.S. - Nepal;

Marsiandi 4-5 Ph.D. - Nepal;

White Nile 3-5 grades - Uganda;

Apurimac 3-5 k.s. - Peru;

Swell 1-6 c. - Abkhazia.

Rivers with an abundance of rapids, shivers, rifts and waterfalls are suitable for rafting. Such rivers are usually found in mountainous regions or in very rugged terrain. As a result, such areas are sparsely or not populated at all.

Rafting routes are classified on a six-point scale (1-6) of difficulty categories. Clarifications are allowed: for example, 3+ k.s. or 5 - k.s. The obstacles themselves are also characterized on a seven-point scale (0-6) of difficulty categories. Similar to routes, clarifications are also allowed here: for example, an obstacle of 5 ++ k.s. or 4 - k.s.

The ten inflatable rafting spots listed below are the best you can find for those looking for some real adventure.

Zambezi River, Zimbabwe

The Zambezi boasts a number of waterfalls, but the main attraction is the famous Victoria Falls, one of South Africa's geographical wonders. It is its cruel and raging waters that will give you the best rafting in the world. Numerous river rapids, obstacles will make the trip unforgettable.

Colorado

The Colorado River is located in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico and is very popular among rafting enthusiasts. In addition to vivid impressions from the rafting, views of the beautiful flora and fauna will be a wonderful addition to the rest.

Costa Rica

The Costa Rica River is the cherished goal of many rafters. Here you can find everything that fans of extreme sports love so much. Recalcitrant and cold river waters, coupled with unexplored wilderness areas, is one of the secrets of Costa Rica's success.

Nepal

Nepal, a mountainous country with one of the highest peaks in the world, is also one of the great places to go rafting. The sensations that can be obtained by rafting here are not for the faint of heart. However, once you try it, you will want to come back here again and again.

Australia

Rafting through the Australian foaming waters is a unique chance to get to know the ancient rainforests. There are several rivers in Australia suitable for rafting. And this is, first of all, the North Johnston River and the Nimboyda River. They are at the top of the list of must-sees.

Futaleufu River, Chile

From horseback riding to mountain biking, you can find a whole range of traveler-favorite activities in Chile. Here you can also go kayaking, rafting on the river in a kayak or kayak. Despite the above, Chile is one of the best places for rafting. Huge waves of roaring rivers are the most interesting thing that Chilean nature can offer lovers of extreme sports.

Idaho, USA

Excellent rafting sites in Idaho are the Snake and Salmon Rivers (Middle Fork section). Beautiful greenery and mountain peaks around will most likely encourage you to continue the adventure. For example, the surrounding nature will interest any fan of camping.

Yangtze River, China

The Yangtze or the Long River is one of the longest and deepest rivers in Eurasia. It is not the first year that its waters have been faithfully serving all fans of rafting. Stunning scenery is an added bonus to a holiday in China.

Megpai (Canada) and Victoria Nile (Uganda)

Numerous waterfalls are the main advantage of these rivers. Rafting on the waters of the Megpay and the Victoria Nile, you can truly feel the taste of life. Difficult obstacles are the first thing any rafter will have to face.

Section 3. Status and prospects for the development of sports tourism in Ukraine

3.1 Current state of sports tourism in Ukraine

However, the history of health and sports tourism shows that this movement becomes massive only under the condition of a stable economic situation, when relatively sufficient material living conditions are created and the growth of real incomes of the population is ensured.

The lack of government funding has resulted in the health and sports tourism management structures that previously existed to have largely ceased to operate. The organization that has assumed the functions of coordinating the activities of health and sports tourism is the International Tourist and Sports Union (MTSS). It was established in 1990 on a voluntary basis and is the successor of the Amateur Tourism Administration under the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions. Members of the MTSS are the CIS and Baltic countries, including Ukraine.

The main areas of work of the MTSS are the coordination of the general strategy for the development of sports and recreational tourism in the CIS and Baltic countries, the creation of a single legal tourist space, the development of common regulatory documents for the member states of the commonwealth of the CIS and Baltic countries, the creation of international tourist routes, the holding of international fairs of tourist services.

Ukraine as a full member of the MTSS is represented by the Tourist Sports Union (TSS), created simultaneously with the MTSS (December 1990 p.). This public organization operates on the basis of the approved charter and aims to unite the efforts of the members of the Union and coordinate their activities to promote the development of sports and health tourism in Ukraine.

At the end of the 1990s, pp. organizations such as Kharkiv Regional TSS, Vinnitsa TSS, Dnepropetrovsk TSS, Federation of Sports Tourism of the Republic of Crimea, Odessa Regional Sports and Tourism Club "Odessa", Sevastopol Tourist Club, Nikolaev Travelers Club, AT "Mountain Club", Donetsk Regional Tourist Club and "Gornaya union "Odessa" are part of the MTSS as full members.

In 1991, an Agreement was signed on cooperation in the field of tourism of the CIS countries, the creation of a single legal tourist space, the use of a single international system for classifying and standardizing tourist services. To develop this agreement, the MTSS developed and adopted on the basis of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Charter of Physical Education (UNESCO), the Charter of Tourism and the Code of Tourism (WTO) "International Sports Tourism Charter" of 10 articles. In particular, it says that sports tourism as a comprehensive form of health, sports, educational tourism and travel is an effective direction for the modern development of world tourism. A characteristic feature of sports and health tourism is the variety of forms and the multivariance of programs for its organization and development: sports trips, championships, competitions, expeditions, etc. The general accessibility of sports and health tourism contributes to the mass participation of people, especially young people, in the field of educational trips, expeditions and other tourist activities with active vehicles on the routes.

Tourist organizations adopted the charter and pledged to actively cooperate with public organizations, parliamentary and government bodies of the CIS and Baltic countries in the development of health and sports tourism; to help sports tourist groups to carry out sports trips across the territory of their country, to promote the formation of a single tourist space, to simplify as much as possible passport and visa, customs and other formalities for the movement of tourists around the country, to prevent discrimination in the choice of the route of the hike and travel; protect the environment and the tourist environment, historical and cultural monuments; carry out preventive work to prevent accidents and ensure the safety of tourists.

In accordance with the provisions of the International Sports Tourism Charter and the above concept, most MTSS member organizations (including Ukrainian ones) seek to apply a unified approach to assess the sports, refereeing, instructor and other types of qualifications of tourists by creating a modern regulatory and improving the existing base of sports and health tourism. The "Rules of competitions in sports tourism" and "Unified sports classification" were developed and approved.

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Most likely, everyone knows what skiing in winter, rafting on mountain rivers, cycling and motorcycle trips are, but not everyone thinks that all this is part of the so-called sports tourism. FROM. Loiko defines it as a traditional form of tourism activity. It is worth saying that sports tourism is even more than just one of the forms and types of tourism. Today, sports tourism in Russia is a national sport. "Sports tourism is a sport for overcoming an extended segment of the earth's surface, called a route" . In addition to this, also overcoming water spaces and caves. In the process of passing the route, various peculiar natural obstacles are overcome. Such as mountain peaks and passes (in mountain tourism) or river rapids (in river rafting).

It should be noted right away that sports tourism is a complex phenomenon that includes different types of tourism. The classification of sports tourism is carried out according to different criteria and features. So, in accordance with the types of movement, sports tourism is divided into:

- "moto-tourism;

Hitch-hiking;

Cycling tourism;

Water tourism. Varieties are sailing tourism, rafting on mountain rivers, etc.;

Equestrian tourism;

ski tourism;

Motorcycle tourism;

Hiking - movement on the route is carried out mainly on foot. A variety should be considered mountain tourism;

Speleotourism;

Combined tourism.

In accordance with the increasing length, duration and technical complexity, sports trips are divided into "hikes I, II, III, IV, V and VI categories of complexity" .

Depending on the difficulty of the obstacles to be overcome, the hiking area, autonomy, novelty and a number of other factors characteristic of different types of sports tourism, hikes are divided into:

- Weekend hikes

Hiking 1-3 degrees of difficulty - in youth tourism;

Category trips. In different types of tourism, the number of categories of complexity is different: in hiking, mountain, water, skiing, cycling and speleological tourism - six categories of complexity (c.s.); in automoto and sailing tourism - five; in the equestrian - three ".

In the Program for the development of sports tourism in the Russian Federation for 2011-2018. noted that in accordance with the age characteristic "sports tourism includes children's, youth, youth, adults, among the elderly, family, different ages" .

Another division of sports tourism into types is presented in the manual by E.N. Artemova. It distinguishes between active and passive sports tourism. "With an active basis, there is a need to engage in some kind of sport. With a passive one, this is an interest in a sport, observation" .

E.N. Artemova et al. note that sports tourism includes sports activities, namely: water tourism, winter sports, hunting and fishing, and golf. They note that water tourism is on the rise today, due to the development of means of transportation. For example, the use of various kinds of vessels (under sail or with a motor). At the same time, the main infrastructure of this type of tourism is a sports port. "The port consists of the following zones:

Marine;

Maintenance area: shipyards, refueling;

Additional services: restaurants, shops, discos".

Winter sports are divided into alpine skiing, alpine skiing, sledding, etc. The infrastructure is mainly made up of mountain winter stations. As for hunting and fishing, this activity, unlike others, is regulated and carried out in accordance with certain rules. For example, a license or permit is required to carry it out.

In addition to the traditional types of sports tourism, a new type has recently been introduced - lowland tourism. This is nature-oriented tourism on the plain. As A.I. Zyryanov, “plain tourism in some respects corresponds to “non-mountain” tourism. However, the essence here is not in the form of natural obstacles to be overcome, but in a new system for organizing and coordinating tourist and recreational activities that needs to be established with a shortage of such bright natural resources that characteristic of mountain spaces, and a high degree of need ".

Lowland tourism includes sports (amateur) walking, water (river rafting), skiing, caving, cycling, commercial tourism activities (fishing, hunting, berry-mushroom and other fishing tours), ecological tourism routes in the flat area. In addition to the above types, the lowland also includes balneological tourism outside the sea and mountains, rural tourism, country estate tourism. The most complete classification of sports tourism is given by I.E. Vostokov in his report.

Rice. one

Thus, we can say that there are a lot of varieties of sports tourism. This speaks of its popularity, its relevance and importance. It affects all age categories of tourists, different modes of transportation, levels of difficulty and duration. Everyone can choose an acceptable type of sports tourism for themselves.

M.A. Vinokurov notes that the essence of sports tourism is the organization of trips to various sporting events. "It allows you to engage in selected sports (skiing, swimming, sport fishing and hunting, etc.), as well as" cheer "for your favorite team, personally attending major sports competitions" .

From the point of view of A.Yu. Koroleva "the main content of sports tourism is the overcoming of natural obstacles of a natural nature" [Korolyov, p. one]. As an example of obstacles of a natural nature, one can cite: ice, snow, water barriers, obstacles of the macro- and micro-relief of the terrain. "In addition to the natural obstacles of the natural landscape and the difficulties of a climatic nature, there may be difficulties of a different nature, for example, spatial characteristics (uninhabited) and some others" .

The essence of sports tourism also lies in the fact that this type of tourism manifests itself not just active motor activity, but a combination of physical and volitional qualities of a participant in a sports tour. Sports tourism involves the independent overcoming of large geographical distances and complex obstacles. In this regard, this sport requires good physical fitness. Also, the tourist is required to have endurance and various professional skills. A.Yu. Korolev notes that sports tourism "is a complex (mixed) sport of the all-around type, but of increased length and duration" .

In many cases, sports tourism is an extreme form of travel.

The main consumers of sports tourism is a group consisting of ordinary people (non-professional athletes) who prefer to practice their chosen sport during their trip. It is worth saying that the organization of trips for non-professional athletes, hiking athletes can be carried out by both travel companies, professional tourism organizations, and the participants of the trips themselves. As I.V. Zorin: "in our country they are often called" amateur tourists ".

Due to the fact that sports tourism is quite diverse and complex (in terms of its diversity), there are certain features of sports tourism that are worth noting.

One of the main features of sports tourism is the presence of natural and recreational conditions in the organization of sports tours. "So, for ski tourism, it is necessary to have mountains with suitable slopes of varying complexity; for rafting, the presence of mountain rivers with difficult but interesting sections, with the presence of simple obstacles, the possibility of convenient transfer and removal from the route, etc." .

Related to the above feature is the following feature, which is that sports tourism is very "geographical", i.e. "characterized by a large spatial coverage and spatial meaning, route technology, the dependence of the travel program on a wide variety of geographical factors" .

The third important feature is the presence of a large-scale material base. The material base includes various kinds of infrastructure facilities. For example, hotels, transport, sports equipment rentals, service areas: locker rooms, technical services; the presence of special facilities: fields, courts, pools, skating rinks, etc. In most cases, when organizing a sports tour, the presence of medical centers is mandatory. In addition, an additional service area is also needed, including accommodation, catering facilities, shops, discos, etc. I.V. Zorin also notes such an aspect as the presence of an excursion program. "A combination of sightseeing and educational and sports programs is possible. Let's say a bike tour with stops for sightseeing" .

Another feature of the organization of sports tours is the availability of qualified and experienced instructors in the relevant sport, masters and candidates for the master of sports to work with tourists.

Instructors must know safety rules and be able to provide first aid. "When servicing tourists, they are divided into groups of experienced, less experienced and novice athletes, a separate instructor deals with each of the groups."

The fifth feature is due to the complexity of sports tourism. Sports tourism, unlike most other sports, has more content: "broadening the horizons of the traveler when meeting new places and people, the impact on him of a diverse nature, the active interaction of a team of people in the fight against difficulties and their own shortcomings, the autonomous actions of a group in underdeveloped and uninhabited districts, education of independence, initiative, decisiveness and self-control under unexpected circumstances.

It is also worth noting such a feature of sports tourism as its classification by complexity. This is not the case with normal tours. Often the division of hikes by difficulty is associated with the presence and variety of any obstacles, for example, mountain peaks and passes, river crossings, blockages, etc.

The main goal of sports tourism is reflected in the Program for the development of sports tourism in the Russian Federation: "Sports tourism contributes to the development of mass physical culture movement in the country" [Program, p. four].

At the same time, sports tourism in terms of its goals can have a sports, educational, educational, research, environmental orientation and their combination.

Summing up, we can say that sports tourism is a sport for overcoming an extended segment of the earth's surface, called a route. The essence of sports tourism lies in the fact that this type of tourism manifests itself not just active motor activity, but a combination of physical and volitional qualities of a participant in a sports tour.

Sports tourism is a complex phenomenon that includes different types of tourism. The classification of sports tourism is carried out according to different criteria and features.

There are many types of sports tourism.

Features of sports tourism: the presence of natural and recreational conditions in the organization of sports tours; the presence of a large-scale material base; the availability of qualified and experienced instructors in the relevant sport, masters and candidates for the master of sports to work with tourists; geography; complexity; classification according to complexity.

Thus, we examined the essence and features of the organization of sports tourism.

FEDERAL AGENCY OF MARINE AND RIVER TRANSPORT

Federal State Educational Institution

higher professional education

"St. Petersburg State University of Water Communications"

Faculty of Humanities

Department of International Business, Management and Tourism

Course work:

Sports tourism

Completed:

4th year student

group EU-42
Kuznetsova N.N.

Checked:

Divina N.A

St. Petersburg

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..3

1.1 History of sports tourism……………………………………………...4 1.2 Types of sports tourism……………………………………………………6 tourism……………..……………………………...7 1.4 Types of movement in tourism……………………………………………..9

2. Classification of routes………………………………………….……10

3. Ranks in sports tourism……………………………………....…...10

4. Tourist and sports events………………………………………....11

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...13

Bibliographic list…………………………………………………....14

Introduction

Sports tourism is an independent and socially oriented sphere, a lifestyle of a significant stratum of society; an effective means of spiritual and physical development of the individual, education of respect for nature, mutual understanding and mutual respect between peoples and nations; a form of "people's diplomacy" based on a real acquaintance with the life, history, culture, customs of peoples, the most democratic type of recreation, characterized by a specific form of folk art, a free choice of the form of own activity of all socio-demographic groups of the population, from preschool children to pensioners.

Sports tourism in Russia is a national sport with a long tradition. It includes not only the sports component, but also a special spiritual sphere, and the way of life of the wanderers themselves. Non-commercial tourist clubs (“tour clubs”) are still the centers for the development of sports tourism, although many tourists are engaged in it on their own.

The sport "Sports tourism" is included in All-Russian register of sports Under the number 0840005411I(2006-2009).

1.1 History of sports tourism

Sports tourism is a sport based on competitions on routes that include overcoming categorized obstacles in the natural environment (passes, peaks (in mountain tourism), rapids (in water tourism), canyons, caves, etc.), and at distances laid in the natural environment and on artificial relief.

Sports tourism in the USSR, as a sport, was included in the Unified All-Union Sports Classification 1 in 1949. When assigning sports categories and the title of master of sports, the number and complexity of completed trips, as well as the experience of independent management of them, are taken into account. Difficulty is determined by the duration and length of the routes, the number and variety of natural obstacles. Multi-day trips (walking, skiing, water, mountain, cycling, automobile, on motorcycles and mopeds) are carried out along routes of 5 categories of difficulty. Routes of increased complexity, especially of the 4th-5th categories, require good general physical and special training. Camping trips are carried out, as a rule, with the assistance of sports and tourist clubs, councils of sports societies, physical education teams. As a means of year-round training of tourists, the so-called. weekend hikes and competitions in types of tourist equipment (for some, all-Union competitions are held).

The procedure for the formation of tourist groups, the rights and obligations of their participants and leaders, paperwork, development and preparation of routes, etc. are regulated by the "Rules for organizing and conducting amateur tourist trips and trips on the territory of the USSR" (approved by the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions in 1972).

Sports tourism is the preparation and conduct of sports trips with the aim of overcoming the vast expanse of wild nature on skis (ski tourism), by means of rafting (water tourism) or on foot in the mountains (mountain tourism). The sports trip is carried out by an autonomous group of 6-10 people. It happens that travelers do not meet any traces of civilization for a month. To pass the route you need to be not only strong, agile, courageous and stubborn, but also to have a wide range of special knowledge from the technique of overcoming obstacles to human physiology in extreme conditions. Unlike conventional travel, sports travel includes a set of natural obstacles classified by difficulty. As a rule, in mountain and ski tourism such obstacles are mountain peaks and passes, and in water tourism - river rapids. Classified obstacles form the basis of the methodology for comparing trips by their difficulty. This is similar to assessing the difficulty of gymnastics or figure skating programs. The most difficult trips performed with brilliance are nominated for the championship of Moscow and the championship of Russia.

The organization and conduct of sports trips are subject to the Rules approved by the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia. These Rules accumulate the experience of many generations of travelers. Therefore, when they are carried out, the level of safety achieved in sports tourism is guaranteed. This is controlled by the system of route qualification commissions (MCC). In particular, the ICC checks the readiness of the group to enter the route and the compliance of the experience of the participants of the trip with its complexity. In accordance with the Rules, sports trips can have six categories of complexity (c.s.). If the travels of the first k.s. feasible for beginners, then travel sixth k.s. extreme even for the strongest and most experienced travelers. Indeed, mountain “sixes” in some areas can include climbing to peaks over 7000 m high, ski “sixes” are hundreds and hundreds of kilometers of way in forty-degree frost along endless Siberian ridges, water “sixes” are breathtaking rafting along the frenzied rivers of Altai and the Middle Asia.

The system of sports tourism, created over decades, limits the initiative of travelers to a minimum. At present, a sports trip can be arranged to anywhere in the world, and everyone can become a team leader, as long as he has experience of participating in a trip of the same category of complexity and experience of leading a trip that is one category easier. The rest of the team must have experience of participating in a simpler (one category) trip. In addition to this basic principle, the Rules provide for exceptions to better take into account the actual experience of travelers (for example, mountaineering experience or experience in other types of sports tourism). The master level in sports tourism is associated with the leadership in travel of the highest (5th and 6th) categories of complexity. Therefore, making two trips a year, a gifted athlete reaches this level in 5-6 years.

1.2 Types of sports tourism

We can name the following forms of sports tourism, depending on its organization: sports tourism can be individual and mass.

Individual (custom) tours are tours that are formed at will and with the direct participation of the tourist. He is offered a choice of different service options for each type of service in the proposed place of rest. The services chosen by the tourist are formed into the tour program. Typically, such orders are formed in agencies and then come to the tour operator for implementation. The main advantage of individual trips is that they allow you to visit anywhere in the world and, even in classical Europe, find an original route. After all, such a product is created according to the requirements of each individual tourist.

Group tours involve the sale of a pre-planned standard set of services, focused on a certain type of holiday, as well as on the social class of tourists and their age, and sold to tourists in one package. The peculiarities of preparing and conducting this type of tour (a single program for all, strictly linked to the timing and schedule of the trip) do not allow making any changes to the composition of the services offered, so the tourist can either buy it entirely or refuse to purchase it altogether. This type of comprehensive service is called package tours (from the English package tour - package tour). Ready package tours allow tour operators to use special rates, and their cost is usually lower than the cumulative retail prices for the individual services included in the package.

1.3 Forms of sports tourism

It is customary to distinguish forms of tourism depending on the origin of tourists, on the length of stay, on the age of travelers, and on the time of year.

1. Forms of tourism depending on the origin of tourists. Depending on the origin of travelers, tourism is divided into internal (travel within the Russian Federation by persons permanently residing in the Russian Federation); and international (travels for tourism purposes outside the country of permanent residence. This is a travel system carried out on the basis of international agreements, taking into account existing international customs).

2. Forms of tourism depending on the length of stay. A very important classification of forms of sports tourism is their classification depending on the length of stay. Travel duration refers to the time spent by a tourist in the course of a trip or stay in a visited place or country.

Day trips are classified as follows: less than three hours; three - five hours; six - eight hours; nine - eleven o'clock; twelve or more hours.

Overnight trips can be classified as follows: 1-3 nights; 4-7 nights; 8-28 nights; 29-91 nights; 92 - 365 nights.

Long trips are usually complemented by short trips. One-day tourism is daylight tours: they do not involve overnight stays. A particularly important form of short-term tourism is short-term tourism. Short-term tourism includes business tourism and weekend trips. Regardless of whether trips are made for business or personal purposes, their average duration is 2-4 days, i.e. they include minimum one, maximum - three nights.

3. Forms of tourism depending on the age of travelers. When classifying the forms of sports tourism, the age of travelers is also taken into account. According to the age scale, the following groups of tourists are defined: children traveling with their parents; youth (tourists aged 15-24); relatively young, economically active people aged 25-44; economically active people of middle (45 - 64 years) age (travel, as a rule, without children); pensioners (65 years and older).

4. Forms of tourism depending on the season. Depending on the time of year, winter and summer tourism differs. Seasonal classification of forms of tourism shows fluctuations in demand for tourism services during the year. The time at which the maximum number of trips is made is called the tourist season, the period of decline in travel is called the off-season. Tourist seasons in different regions may not coincide.

1.4 Types of movement in tourism

1. Automobile tourism - travel of people to countries or areas other than their permanent place of residence, in which the main means of transportation is a private or rented car. Car travel is a form of tourism.

2. Hitchhiking - free movement on passing transport with the consent of the driver.

3. Cycling tourism (cycling tourism) - one of the types of sports tourism, which consists in cycling routes containing general tourism and cycling-specific obstacles, as well as one of the types of outdoor activities.

4. Water tourism. Varieties are sailing tourism, rafting on mountain rivers, etc.;

5. Equestrian tourism - horse riding is a great way to learn or improve your riding skills. Accommodation on horse trails: in the field in summer or at camp sites in winter.

6. Ski tourism - movement is carried out on skis. Ski trips are carried out mainly in winter, that is, during the period when temperatures are below 0 ° C.

7. Motorcycle tourism - movement on a motorcycle, on which you can get to places where it is impossible to get, for example, by car, to visit the most seemingly inaccessible corners of nature. This type of transport is very mobile and light.

8. Hiking - movement on the route is carried out mainly on foot. A variety should be considered mountain tourism;

9. Speleotourism - the meaning is to travel through natural underground cavities (caves) and overcome various obstacles in them using various special equipment.

10. Combined tourism or "multi" tourism - the conventional name of the direction in which participants in one trip (hike) combine elements of different types of tourism in different versions.

2. Classification of routes

Depending on the difficulty of the obstacles to overcome, the area of ​​the hike, autonomy, novelty, length of the route and a number of other factors characteristic of different types of sports tourism, according to increasing complexity, hikes are divided into:

1. Weekend hikes;

2. Hikes 1 - 3 degrees of difficulty - in children's and youth tourism;

3. Category trips. In different types of tourism, the number of categories of complexity is different: in hiking, mountain, water, skiing, cycling and speleological tourism - six categories of complexity (c. s.); in automoto and sailing tourism - five; in the horse - three.

3. Ranks in sports tourism

The category of a tourist-athlete allows one to judge his readiness to pass more difficult routes. To obtain a sports category in tourism, before passing the route, the group needs to register it and obtain permission from the route qualification commission (MKK). After the trip is completed, a report is submitted to the ICC, on the basis of which categories are assigned to all its participants.

According to the rank requirements for sports tourism, ranks can be assigned (in ascending order of sportsmanship):

badge "Tourist of Russia" - tourists who have reached the age of 12 are awarded

3rd youth category;

2nd youth category;

1st youth category;

3rd category;

2nd category;

1st category;

candidate master of sports (CMS);

master of sports of Russia (MS);

master of sports of international class (MSMK);

4. Tourist and sports competitions

A tourist-sports competition is the movement of a person alone or as part of a group in the natural environment on any technical means and without them. It is carried out on the following classes of distances:

I - Class of long distances - "sport trips and tours".

II - Class of short distances - "short sports trips and tours".

III - Class of non-standard distances - "travel and tours".

IV - "Rescue and extreme distances and tours".

V - Class of technical distances - "tourist all-around".

VI - Class of technical distances on artificial terrain (obstacles).

All classes of distances are divided by types of tourism, categories of difficulty of routes and categories of difficulty of local (extended) obstacles.

According to social and age factors, competitions are divided into:

family;

1. youthful;

   student,

   youth;

   adults;

   among the elderly;

   among veterans;

   uneven-aged;

   among boys and/or girls;

   among men and/or women;

   among people with disabilities. 2

Conclusion

Tourism has come a long way in its development and today is one of the most successfully developing sectors of the world economy. Like any other area of ​​economic activity, the tourism industry is a very complex system, the degree of development of which depends on the degree of development of the country's economy as a whole. Currently, industrialized countries account for over 60% of all foreign tourist arrivals and 70-75% of travel worldwide. At the same time, the EU countries account for about 40% of tourist arrivals and foreign exchange earnings.

Tourism is beautiful because everyone finds what they want in it. Someone likes mountains, someone likes rivers, someone likes to relax on the beach, and others like to test their strength. Stretched nerves and craving for competitions, oddly enough, can also help a person relieve fatigue. This is served by the growing strength all over the world, and especially in Russia, sports and extreme tourism. More and more people are eager to see the beauty of the underwater world, go down the mountain slope on skis and even jump from a parachute.

Bibliographic list and Internet resources:

1. Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism. – M.; St. Petersburg: "Nevsky Fund", 2000. - 416p.

2. Matveev L.P. Theory and methods of physical education. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1991. - 215p.

3. Fedotov Yu.N., Vostokov I.E. Sports and health tourism. - M., 2004. - 330s.

4. Shabanov A.N. Tourist pocket encyclopedia. - M .: "Veche", 2000. - 153 p.

5. www.turpohod.org

6. http://www.turclubmai.ru/heading/papers/49/

7. www.slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00025/57200.htm

1 www.slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00025/57200.htm

2 www. turclubmai.ru/heading/papers/49/

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