Human anatomy photo. Large atlas of human anatomy

Currently, there are a large number of good anatomical atlases. Therefore, it is necessary to justify the need to create a new version. We see three main reasons for creating this book.

First of all, most of the previously published atlases contain only schematic or semi-schematic images that represent real objects in a very limited way; they do not have a third dimension, they lack volume. In contrast, photographs of anatomical preparations convey the real image of the object, preserving their proportions and spatial size in a more accurate form than the schematic color drawings in most previous atlases. Moreover, photographs of preparations of the human body correspond to the observations of the student during the anatomy course. Thus, he gets the opportunity to quickly navigate through photographs of preparations, and not only when working with a corpse.

Secondly, in some of the existing atlases, classification is given by organ systems, and not by body parts. As a result, the student needs several books, in each of which he is forced to look for the necessary information on a specific part of the body. In this atlas, an attempt was made to display the macroscopic anatomy as realistically as possible in terms of topography and functional features of the object itself. Therefore, it can be useful in the study of anatomy by doctors of various specialties, including dentists.

The third task of the authors was to reduce the course to the required volume and present it in the form of a didactic tutorial. We have added schematic drawings of the main vessels and nerves, muscle mechanisms, etc. to the images of all parts of the body, which will improve the understanding of the details of the images in the photographs. The complex structure of the bones of the skull is not presented in a descriptive way, but through a series of images showing the mosaic of the bones and their relationships in such a way as to ultimately facilitate understanding of the structure of the cranial bones.

Finally, the creation of the atlas of the authors was prompted by the current situation in medical education, when, on the one hand, there is a constant shortage of corpses in many anatomical departments, and on the other hand, the number of students is constantly increasing everywhere. As a result, students do not have sufficient illustrative material for anatomy classes. Of course, photographs will never replace a direct study of the preparation, but we think that the use of a large format image instead of a drawn, mostly schematic image is more acceptable and is a significant improvement in the anatomy course compared to drawings alone. From the preface to the fourth edition: Fifteen years after the first edition, the atlas has been carefully revised and revised.

Currently, much attention is paid to the method of layered anatomy, so we have added a number of images of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging to clarify detailed structural diagrams. The first part is devoted to the traditional description of the anatomical structures of organs, such as limbs: bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, blood vessels and nerves. The second part presents data on layered anatomy, where the description of the superficial layer is followed by a description of the middle and deep layers so that the student can navigate in the sections of anatomical specimens. When viewing photographs, we strongly recommend using a magnifying glass for a more accurate perception of the three-dimensional image of the structures of organs and tissues.

Format: DJVU.
Pages: 480 pages
The year of publishing: 2000
Archive size: 25.11 MB.

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Let's look at the anatomy of the internal organs of a person and his anatomical systems in pictures, as well as photos of how they look in the human body.

(Human Anatomy, Photo #1.1)

(Human Anatomy, Photo #1.2)

Photo human anatomy, his nervous system. In one day, 3 mld. is delivered and processed to the central nervous system. messages. Our brain is forced to analyze all this and make a choice of what to ignore and what to react to, this happens in less than one second.

(Human Anatomy, Photo #2.1)

(Human Anatomy, Photo #2.2)

(Human Anatomy, Photo #2.3)

Body anatomy, photo of the circulatory system. During rest, the human heart pumps approximately five liters of blood through the body every minute. To carry out all that is necessary for life, the incredibly complex circulatory system uses about 60,000 miles of vessels.

(Human Anatomy, Photo #3.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #3.2)

Man photo, anatomy of the digestive system. The duodenum is the center of the functioning of digestion, as it receives gastric hummus, as well as bile from the liver and enzymes from the pancreas. It is impossible for such complex channels to evolve simultaneously.

(Human anatomy, photo #4.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #4.2)

Human anatomy in pictures, muscular system. About 700 separate muscles are counted in the human body, coordinated with each other without any flaws, such a system could not have arisen gradually during evolution.

(Human Anatomy, photo #5.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #5.2)

Photos anatomy of human bones. A human thigh bone can support one ton of weight, how is that possible? The structure of human bones is hollow inside and arranged the same as in the structures of bridges and buildings in our time.

(Human Anatomy, Photo #6.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #6.2)

Human anatomy photo of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are the cleansing centers of the entire human body, they are responsible for transporting toxins and cleaning the internal environment. Did you know that thanks to regular exercise, the lymphatic system will be in order?

(Human Anatomy, Photo #7.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #7.2)

The brain is the general of our body. In pictures Anatomy of the brain, its departments responsible for various functions of the body. The human brain is incredibly complex and weighs only 1kg to 2kg, depending on age.

(Human Anatomy, photo #8.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #8.2)

Anatomy photo of the heart- double pump with autonomic nervous system. The human heart, in order to maintain life, must beat without interruption and stops about 100,000 times a day.

(Human anatomy, photo #9.1)

(Human anatomy, photo #9.2)

Human anatomy, lungs in the photo. In one day, our lungs carry 12,000 liters through them. air and 6.000 l. blood. Interestingly, not a single beneficial mutation was observed in the lungs by humans, but only harmful ones, this indicates the impossibility of lung evolution.

(Human Anatomy, photo #10.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #10.2)

Picture anatomy of the human liver. The liver claims to be the largest glandular organ in the human body.

(Human Anatomy, photo #11.1)

(Human Anatomy, photo #11.2)

Digestive tract, anatomy photo. Interestingly, the length of the human intestine is from 7 to 10 meters.

(Human Anatomy, photo #12.1)

(Human anatomy, photo #12.2)

Photo anatomy of the kidney. In 24 hours, the kidneys clear toxins from up to 2 thousand liters of blood, while having 1 million filter elements.

(Human anatomy, photo #13.1)

(Human anatomy, photo #13.2)

Human anatomy, stomach photo. The human stomach can digest a substance that is much denser in composition than it is. It is amazing that he does not digest himself, although he consists of flesh!

(Human anatomy, photo #14.1)

Our nose can recognize a trillion scents. Our ear has 24,000 "hair" cells that convert vibrations into electrical impulses, we can hear very low acoustic levels. Our eyes are able to analyze about 50 thousand data at the same time. Our skin is waterproof, antibacterial, antifungal, elastic, flexible, sensitive, self-healing, able to absorb certain essential chemicals and reject others. It is porous, self-lubricating, produces vitamins, produces odorous substances, and can sense temperature, vibration, and pressure.

All these amazing facts of human anatomy simply scream to us not about evolution, but about the existence of a reasonable plan of the Super-wise Creator.

Anatomical designations.

Medial (edge, surface) - located closer to the median plane of the body.
Lateral (edge, surface) - lateral, located further from the median plane of the body.
Proximal (end, department) - located closer to the median plane of the body.
Distal (end, department) - located further from the median plane of the body.
Muscle head (beginning) - proximal tendon, fixed point.
Muscle tail (end) - distal tendon, moving point.
The abdomen of the muscle is the muscular contracting part.

The occipital-frontal muscle.

It has two bellies - occipital and frontal.
Occipital belly Beginning: superior nuchal line of the occipital bone and mastoid process of the temporal bone.
Attachment: tendon helmet. Function: pulls the skin of the scalp back.
Frontal abdomen Beginning: tendon helmet. Attachment: eyebrow skin. Function: pulls the eyebrow up.

Muscle of the proud.
Beginning: nasal bone. Attachment: skin between eyebrows.
Function: forms transverse folds on the bridge of the nose.

The muscle that wrinkles the eyebrow.
Beginning: medial part of the superciliary arch. Attachment: eyebrow skin.
Function: draws eyebrows together, forms vertical folds over the bridge of the nose.

Content
Introduction
Anatomical designations
Basic movements
Part I. Muscles of the head
Mimic muscles
Chewing muscles
Part II. Neck muscles
Superficial muscles of the neck
Deep neck muscles
Part III. chest muscles
Superficial muscles of the chest
Deep chest muscles
Part IV. Abdominal muscles
Muscles of the lateral walls of the abdominal cavity
Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall
Muscles of the posterior abdominal wall
Part V. Muscles of the back
Superficial back muscles
Deep back muscles
Part VI. Muscles of the upper limb
Muscles of the shoulder girdle
Muscles of the free upper limb
Shoulder muscles
Forearm muscles
Muscles of the hand
Part VII. Muscles of the lower limb
Muscles of the pelvic girdle
Muscles of the free lower limb
thigh muscles
Leg muscles
Foot muscles
Literature
Subject index

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Muscular system

Muscles mainly carry out the motor function of the body, its parts and individual organs.

Muscles account for from 28 to 45% of body weight, in newborns and children - up to 20–22%; in athletes, muscles can make up more than 50% of body weight.

Muscle classification

There are smooth and striated muscles.

Smooth muscles are located in the wall of blood vessels, skin and various hollow organs - the stomach, intestines, uterus, etc. The striated muscles include the heart muscle (myocardium) and skeletal muscles.

Scheme 1. Muscle classification based on shape and structure

In total, a person has about 600 skeletal muscles. The whole variety of muscles is classified taking into account the shape and structure (Scheme 1).

Depending on the body areas distinguish the muscles of the trunk, head, limbs; posterior muscle group of the back, occiput; anterior group of muscles of the neck, chest, abdomen.

By shape muscles are long and short, as well as wide. The long muscles of the limbs during contraction are shortened by a greater amount compared to the short ones and provide a greater range of motion in the joints. Broad muscles are involved in the formation of the walls of the cavities.

Muscles are also divided into simple long muscles, which have one head, abdomen and tail, and complex muscles, having a different number of parts (for example, two-headed, three-headed, digastric, multitendinous, etc.).

According to the location of the muscle bundles and their relation to the tendons in the muscle, a parallel one is isolated; pinnate and triangular shapes.

Muscles can pass through one or more joints, engaging them in movement during contraction. Depending on this, single-joint, two-joint, multi-joint muscles are distinguished (Fig. 9 A, B, B1).

ATTENTION!

The muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, neck, perineum, as well as supra- and hyoid, mimic muscles are not related to the joints.

The muscles of the head are divided into mimic and chewing.

Mimic muscles are located under the skin. When contracted, they displace the skin and change the expression of the face, forming folds perpendicular to the course of the muscle fibers. Mimic muscles are grouped mainly around natural openings, expanding and narrowing them (Scheme 2).

Rice. 9. Patterns of location and attachment of muscles on bones BUT. general patterns: 1 - articulating bones; 2 - joints; 3 - a single-joint muscle that passes through one joint; 4 - biarticular muscles, are thrown over two joints; ah- synergistic muscles (in this case, both flexors); a-b- antagonist muscles (in this case a- flexor b- extensor); p. f. (punctum fixum)- the point of origin of the muscle - a symbol of the place of attachment of the muscle to the less mobile or most proximal bone; p.m. (punctum mobile)- point of attachment of the muscle - a symbol of the place of attachment of the muscle to the more mobile or most distally located bone. B. The result of the action of antagonist muscles: flexor contractions (B)- biceps brachii and extensor (B1)- triceps brachii

Scheme 2. Classification of facial muscles

Scheme 3. Systematization of muscles according to their functional characteristics and according to their function

Rice. ten. Muscle work options: a- overcoming muscle work; b- holding muscle work; in- inferior muscle work

Chewing muscles are attached to the lower jaw and carry out its movement in the temporomandibular joint.

All muscles are systematized according to their functional characteristics, according to their function (Scheme 3).

The work that a muscle produces during contraction can be:

Overcoming, for example, when the arm is abducted to a horizontal level, the deltoid muscle, contracting, overcomes the weight of the arm;

Retaining, for example, producing the abduction of the arm, the deltoid muscle can hold the arm fixedly at shoulder level;

Inferior, for example, the hand smoothly lowers, while the holding work of the deltoid muscle is replaced by the inferior one (Fig. 10 a, b, c).

Overcoming and yielding muscle work is denoted as myodynamic activity. The holding work of the muscles is called myostatic or positional activity.

Muscle structure

The composition of the muscle includes: muscle and connective tissue, tendons, nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels. In a muscle, muscle and tendon parts are distinguished.

Muscle fiber with its sheath, nerve endings, blood and lymphatic capillaries is called muscle unit, or myon.

Muscle fibers differ in thickness, therefore, in volume and mass. It has been established that white muscle fibers have the largest diameter, and red muscle fibers have the smallest. Red and white fibers clearly differ in structural organization: the former are characterized by a small diameter, a significant number of mitochondria, and a relatively weak development of the T-system and sarcoplasmic reticulum. They contain a significant amount of myoglobin and are surrounded by numerous blood capillaries. It is known that two subtypes are distinguished among red fibers (red slow and red fast, differing in the speed of contraction and fatigue).

In humans, most muscles contain both white and red muscle fibers, but white fibers predominate in some muscles (for example, in the calf), and red fibers predominate in others (for example, in the soleus).

Muscle fibers are combined into bundles of I, II and III orders. The bundles of the first order are surrounded by thin layers of connective tissue - endomysium. The connective tissue surrounding the bundles of the II order and located between the bundles of the III order constitutes the internal perimysium.

The entire muscle has an outer connective tissue sheath - the outer perimysium.

Intramuscular connective tissue passes into the tendon. The tendon fibers are a continuation of the endomysium and perimysium, and the endomysium, which covers the muscle fibers, is firmly connected to the sarcolemma. Therefore, the traction developed by the contracting muscle fiber is transmitted first to the endomysium and perimysium, and then to the tendon fibers.

The tendon of the muscle is attached to the bone due to the interlacing of the tendon fibers with the collagen fibers of the periosteum, their joint ingrowth into the bone and continuing into the substance of the bone plates.

The blood supply is carried out by the muscular branches of the main arteries and their branches. As a rule, several feeding arteries penetrate the muscle, branching along the layers of the perimysium and directed mainly along the course of the muscle bundles. Lymphatic vessels pass along the branching of the blood vessels.

Together with the arteries, one or more nerves enter the muscle, which carry out motor and sensory innervation. A motor neuron with a group of muscle fibers innervated by it is called a neuromotor unit (Table 1).

Table 1

Sources of innervation and blood supply to muscles

To auxiliary devices muscles include fascia, fibrous and synovial tendon sheaths, synovial bags, etc. All muscles, except for facial muscles, are surrounded by fascia, which form muscle sheaths for them. Own fascia form fascial, or bone-fibrous, beds for functionally and topographically homogeneous muscle groups. Fascia perform a supporting function, being the places of origin and attachment of many muscles. They provide lateral resistance to contracting muscles, facilitating their motor function.

Muscle tendon sheaths can be fibrous and synovial. Fibrous sheaths help to hold the tendons around the bones and joints, as well as to move the tendons in strictly defined directions. Synovial sheaths of tendons, as well as fibrous ones, surround the tendons in places of their greatest displacement and adherence to the bones and joint capsule.

Physiological role striated muscles diverse: a) they are involved in the movement of parts (segments) of the skeleton; b) fixation of the joints; c) maintaining balance.

Thanks to work smooth muscles the contractile activity of the gastrointestinal tract is carried out, which creates optimal conditions for the digestion process, maintains blood pressure (BP) at a certain level.

Striated muscles are prone in some cases to hyperactivity, spasm, shortening and hypertension, in others to inhibition, relaxation and hypotension. The former are called "postural" and the latter "phasic" muscles. In healthy people, the muscles are in dynamic balance.

Most of the striated muscles are associated with the bones of the skeleton or the skin. During contraction, muscles shorten; the return to the original length after contraction is associated with the activity of antagonist muscles. In some muscles, such as chewing and facial muscles, elastic ligaments play the role of antagonists. As a rule, even the simplest motor acts involve several muscles that are synergists and antagonists. During the contraction of synergists, reflex inhibition of antagonists occurs. Synergism and antagonism of muscles are very conditional; for example, while holding a load on an outstretched arm, the biceps of the shoulder muscle is tense, and the triceps is relaxed; when resting with a free hand on the surface of the table, the triceps muscle is tense and the biceps muscle is relaxed; with a fully extended (full extension) and fixed upper limb, both muscles are tensed.

The basis of the contractile activity of a muscle is a single muscle contraction that occurs in response to a nerve impulse. If we represent graphically the scheme of muscle contraction, then a single contraction looks like a wave with ascending and descending phases. The first phase is called reduction, second - relaxation. Relaxation is longer in time than contraction. The total time of a single muscle contraction is a fraction of a second and depends on the functional state of the muscle. The duration of muscle contraction decreases with moderate work and increases with fatigue.

Isotonic such a muscle contraction is called, in which the muscle is freely shortened; at isometric During muscle contraction, the length of the muscle remains constant (both of its ends are fixed) and only the tension changes.

ATTENTION!

In the body, under normal conditions, pure isotonic and isometric muscle contraction is not observed.

Striated muscles have two important mechanical properties that determine the nature of muscle contraction.

The first is known as the relationship length - strength (length - tension), its essence lies in the fact that for each muscle the length at which it develops maximum force (tension) can be found.

The second property of muscles is the interdependence of the strength and speed of muscle contraction: the heavier the load, the slower its rise and the greater the applied force, the lower the speed of muscle shortening. With a very large load, muscle contraction becomes isometric; in this case, the contraction rate is zero. Without load, the speed of muscle contraction is the highest.

The range of speeds of muscle contraction is quite large - from fractions of a second (skeletal muscles) to minutes (smooth muscles). It is determined by many factors.

The striated muscle fibers have short sarcomeres, many myofibrils, an abundant sarcotubular system, and one or two nerve endings.

Smooth muscles are characterized by a small number and disordered arrangement of myofibrils, an underdeveloped sarcotubular system, and low activity of myosin ATPase.

Muscle contraction of skeletal muscles can be caused by a single nerve impulse. Rhythmic stimulation is required for smooth muscle contraction to occur.

The rate of relaxation of skeletal and smooth muscles varies significantly, as it depends on the number of elastic elements in the muscle, the length of the fibers, the rate of absorption of calcium ions, etc.

The increase in muscle diameter as a result of physical training is called working hypertrophy muscles (from the Greek "trophos" - nutrition). There are two extreme types of working hypertrophy of muscle fibers: sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar.

Sarcoplasmic working hypertrophy is a thickening of muscle fibers due to a predominant increase in the volume of the sarcoplasm, that is, its non-contractile part. Hypertrophy of this type occurs due to an increase in the content of non-contractile (in particular mitochondrial) proteins and metabolic reserves of muscle fibers. A significant increase in the number of capillaries as a result of training can also cause some muscle thickening.

Working hypertrophy of this type has little effect on the growth of muscle strength, but it significantly increases the ability to work for a long time, i.e., increases their endurance.

Myofibrillar working hypertrophy is associated with an increase in the number and volume of myofibrils, that is, the actual contractile apparatus of muscle fibers. At the same time, the packing density of myofibrils in the muscle fiber increases. Such working hypertrophy of muscle fibers leads to a significant increase in muscle strength. The absolute strength of the muscle also increases significantly, and with working hypertrophy of the first type, it either does not change at all, or even decreases somewhat. Apparently, fast muscle fibers are most predisposed to myofibrillar hypertrophy.

In real situations, hypertrophy of muscle fibers is a combination of the two named types with the predominance of one of them. The predominant development of one or another type of working hypertrophy is determined by the nature of muscle training. Long-term dynamic exercises that develop endurance, with a relatively small power load on the muscles, mainly cause working hypertrophy of the first type. Exercises with high muscle tension, on the contrary, contribute to the development of working hypertrophy, mainly of the second type.

Strength training is associated with a relatively small number of repetitive maximum or near maximum muscle contractions, which involve both fast and slow muscle fibers. However, a small number of repetitions is sufficient for the development of working hypertrophy of fast fibers, which indicates their greater predisposition to the development of working hypertrophy (compared to slow fibers). A high percentage of fast fibers in the muscles is an important prerequisite for a significant increase in muscle strength with directed strength training. Therefore, people with a high percentage of fast fibers in their muscles have a higher potential for developing strength and power.

Endurance training is associated with a large number of repeated muscle contractions of relatively small force, which are mainly provided by the activity of slow muscle fibers. Therefore, their more pronounced working hypertrophy with this type of training is understandable compared to the hypertrophy of fast muscle fibers.

Projection of the main muscles of the trunk and limbs

Knowing the projection of muscles on the surface of the human body makes it possible to analyze the state of certain muscle groups, allows a specialist (doctor, massage therapist) to reasonably approach the impact on a particular muscle and select certain massage techniques to strengthen muscles and improve their elasticity.

It is advisable to consider the projection of the muscles according to the topographic feature. Knowing the location of the muscle, the place of its fixation, the relation to the joint, one can easily navigate the function of both the entire muscle and its individual parts.

Projection of muscles on the trunk and upper limbs

1. On the front surface of the body (in the chest area), the pectoral (large and small) and subclavian muscles are determined (Fig. 11 a).

Borders pectoralis major muscle are better contoured when moving the arm forward or while bringing it to the body (the hand of the masseur provides a dosed resistance). In this case, even bundles of muscle coming from the collarbone, sternum with ribs and fascia of the abdomen are indicated.

pectoralis minor projected from the anterior sections of the II-V ribs towards the coracoid process of the scapula. The contours of this muscle can be seen when lowering (with a metered resistance of the massage therapist's hand) the belt of the upper limb.

subclavian muscle is located directly under the clavicle and is projected from the cartilage of the 1st rib to the middle of the clavicle.

Rice. eleven. Trunk muscles: BUT- in front; B- on the side; AT- behind; a - clavicle; b- sternum; in- iliac crest; g - pubic fusion; d - spinous processes of the vertebrae; e- lumbar aponeurosis. Chest muscles: 1 - pectoralis major muscle 2 - Serratus anterior muscle. Abdominal muscles: 5 - inguinal (pupartova) ligament. Back muscles: 6 - trapezius muscle: 7 - latissimus dorsi muscle: 8 - rhomboid muscle. Muscles of the shoulder girdle - I. Muscles of the pelvic girdle - II. Muscles of the thigh - III

2. On the lateral surface of the thoracic trunk is visible serratus anterior as individual teeth. It is clearly visible when the arm is moved forward, as well as in its abduction above the horizontal level and the simultaneous tilt of the body in the opposite direction. In the same position, it is possible to identify intercostal muscles, located between the ribs, in the intercostal spaces (Fig. 11 b).

3. The following muscles are determined on the back surface of the body.

trapezius muscle(its upper, middle and lower parts) is clearly visible if you take your hands to the sides and slightly raise your shoulder blades. The lower part of the muscle is contoured with a slight extension of the torso with arms down. (Fig. 11 c)

Latissimus dorsi muscle clearly visible when the pronated hand moves backward. When the arm is abducted, the upper edge of this muscle is outlined, covering the lower angle of the scapula. To determine the upper edge of the latissimus dorsi muscle, you should bring your hand to the body with overcoming the resistance of the massage therapist's hands.

Rhomboid muscles (large and small) projected from the spinous processes of the two lower cervical and four upper thoracic vertebrae towards the medial edge of the scapula. These muscles are contoured quite distinctly when the shoulder blades are raised and the arms are lowered. If the abducted arm is raised, then the lower angle of the scapula will move to the lateral side, its vertebral edge will change direction (oblique instead of vertical), and then the trapezius muscle will be more clearly visible under the lower edge of the trapezius muscle.

Muscle that lifts the scapula projected in the direction from the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae to the medial angle of the scapula. It can be seen when raising the arms, when the lower angle of the scapula deviates laterally, and the medial one, to which the muscle that lifts the scapula is attached, approaches the spine and drops somewhat.

Muscle-rectifier of the spine quite well contoured and even visible directly under the skin. To a greater extent, it is noticeable in the middle and lower sections of the posterior surface of the body on both sides of the posterior midline of the body (to the right and left of the spinous processes of the vertebrae).

4. In the area of ​​​​the scapula are located teres major muscle which is well contoured if the back muscles are tense and the pronated arm is brought to the body, and small round and infraspinatus- they are more convenient to consider when the supinated hand is brought to the body. The infraspinatus muscle can be seen by focusing on the axis of the scapula. Iadous muscle usually poorly visible, as it is covered by the trapezius muscle. It can be palpated in the area above the spine of the scapula.

5. In the region of the shoulder joint, surrounding it from the lateral side, in front and behind, is located deltoid. Its parts (front, middle and back) are well contoured when the arm is somewhat laid aside. The back of the muscle is better seen when moving the upper limb back, and the front - when moving forward.

6. When the hand is taken away above the horizontal and lowered with the resistance of the massage therapist's hands, the armpit(Fig. 12 a). It can be seen that its anterior wall is formed by the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles, the posterior by the latissimus dorsi, teres major and subscapularis muscles, and the medial by the serratus anterior. On the lateral side of the armpit with a supinated arm, coracobrachial muscle in the form of a longitudinal elevation, going from the coracoid process of the scapula to the humerus, and the short head of the biceps brachii, which also focuses on the coracoid process of the scapula.

Rice. 12. Muscles of the hand. BUT- in front; B- behind; AT- laterally; G- medially a - clavicle; b- olecranon of the ulna; e- spatula. Muscles of the shoulder girdle: 1 - deltoid muscle; 2 - pectoralis major muscle 3 - infraspinatus muscle; 4 - small round; 5 - big round; 6 - latissimus dorsi muscle. Muscles of the forearm: 7 - biceps muscle of the shoulder; 8 - triceps muscle of the shoulder; 9 - shoulder muscle. Muscles of the forearm (superficial and some deep): 10 - brachioradialis muscle; 11 - round pronator; 12 - ulnar flexor of the wrist; 13 - long palmar muscle; 14 - radial flexor of the wrist; 17 - long radial extensor of the wrist; 19 - elbow muscle; 20 - common extensor of the fingers; 21 - own extensor of the little finger; 22 - ulnar extensor of the wrist; 24 - long abductor muscle of the thumb; 27 - palmar aponeurosis; 28 - muscles of the elevation of the little finger; 29 - tendons of the common extensor of the fingers; 30 - tendons of a number of muscles that extensor and abduct the thumb

7. Biceps brachii clearly looms if the arm is bent at the elbow joint with the supinated forearm. By pronating and supinating it, you can see how the biceps muscle either tenses (during supination) or relaxes (during pronation). In this position, the hands on the lateral side of the shoulder can be seen shoulder muscle, located under the biceps muscle of the shoulder (Fig. 12 b).

8. On the back surface of the shoulder, with the forearm extended at the elbow joint, all three heads are determined triceps brachii; long, lateral and medial. In the same position, you can see the contours elbow muscle, extending from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the ulna (Fig. 12c).

9. If you bend the forearm at an angle of 90 ° (in relation to the shoulder), then with isometric tension of the muscles of the anterior surface of the shoulder and forearm, contours are visible brachioradialis muscle and round pronator, limiting the cubital fossa from below. The brachioradialis muscle limits it from the lateral side, and the round pronator - from the medial side. If you pronate the forearm with the resistance of the masseur's hands, then the contour of the round pronator appears more clearly. The brachioradialis muscle is clearly visible if the forearm is bent at the elbow joint and the dosed resistance of the massage therapist's hands prevents its further flexion.

10. Flexor muscles of the hand and fingers projected from the medial epicondyle towards the bones of the hand and fingers. In the distal forearm, with the hand and fingers bent, the tendons of these muscles can be seen; the tendon of the radial flexor of the wrist is located laterally, closer to the radius, and the tendon of the ulnar flexor of the wrist is located medially, closer to the medial edge of the ulna.

Projection of the muscles of the lower limb

1. Muscles of the anterior surface of the thigh.

Quadriceps femoris. With its isometric tension or lifting up, the contours of the muscle are clearly indicated. From the superior anterior iliac spine, the rectus femoris muscle goes down, which can be clearly seen when the straight leg is bent at the hip joint.

Sartorius is determined under the skin throughout from the superior anterior iliac spine to the tibial tuberosity: the muscle is released in a position when the thigh is flexed at the hip joint, somewhat abducted and supinated.

comb muscle projected in the upper thigh from the upper branch of the pubic bone (slightly lateral to the symphysis) towards the upper third of the thigh. Next to it, on the lateral side, under the inguinal ligament, it is easily palpable iliopsoas muscle, especially with rocking movements of the leg (back and forth).

2. The adductors of the thigh are located on the medial surface of the thigh. Of these, the most superficial thin muscle, however, its contours are not defined clearly enough.

3. On the lateral surface of the hip joint area there are two large muscles that are well projected when the leg is bent at the hip joint at a right angle to the body: gluteus medius and tensor fascia lata. In the position of the patient lying on his side or standing above the greater trochanter, two sharply contoured elevations can be seen: the anterior elevation is the muscle that strains the fascia lata of the thigh, the posterior is the gluteus medius muscle.

Rice. 13. Muscles of the lower limb (anterior surface)

I - iliopsoas muscle; 2 - muscle stretching the wide fascia; 3 - comb muscle; 4 - long adductor muscle; 5 - tailor muscle; 6 - tender thigh muscle; 7 - rectus femoris; 8 - quadriceps femoris (internal and external); 9 - patellar cup; 10 - projection of the inner muscle of the thigh; 11 - projection of the sartorius muscle; 12 - projection of adductor muscles of the thigh; 13 - projection of the inguinal ligament.

Rice. fourteen. Muscles of the posterior surface

I - lumbar triangle; 2 - gluteus medius muscle; 3 - gluteus maximus; 4 - iliac-tibial tract; 5 - a large adductor muscle; 6 - biceps femoris 7 - tender muscle; 8 - semimembranosus muscle; 9 - semitendinosus muscle; 10 - calf muscle; 11 - popliteal fossa; 12 - gluteal furrow; 13 - big skewer; 14 - posterior superior iliac spine

4. On the back surface (Fig. 13, 14) of the hip joint protrudes gluteus maximus muscle, at the lower edge of which a gluteal fold is formed. Below the gluteus maximus muscle are projected biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles. If the leg is bent at the knee joint and unbent with the resistance of the massage therapist's hands, then the biceps femoris muscle is released from the lateral side of the thigh, going to the head of the fibula, and from the medial side, the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles.

5. On the back of the lower leg, all three heads triceps calf muscle are clearly distinguished in the position of the patient standing on toes, and in the upper part of the posterior surface of the lower leg, the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle are contoured, limiting the popliteal fossa from below, and below them - soleus muscle. The tendon of these muscles (calcaneal) can be seen and felt all the way to the place of its attachment to the calcaneus.

6. Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus visible well.

The anterior tibial muscle lies near the anterior edge of the tibia, is visible and palpable throughout.

Lateral to it is the long extensor of the fingers.

The long extensor of the thumb is determined between these muscles only in the lower leg.

The tendons of all three muscles are especially visible on the dorsum of the foot when the foot and toes are extended. In addition, the accessory tendon of the long extensor of the fingers (called the third peroneal muscle) can be identified here, which runs from it to the lateral edge of the dorsal surface of the foot (to the base of the fifth metatarsal bone).

7. On the lateral surface of the leg are located long and short peroneal muscles, which are clearly visible when lifting on toes and pronation of the foot. Superficially is the long peroneal muscle, and under it is the short peroneal muscle. by Don Hamilton