Workout

Where did fitness come from? The history of the emergence of modern aerobics

Modern gyms are ready to offer their visitors maximum comfort during training. They are equipped with numerous simulators for all muscle groups, a swimming pool, showers and other privileges. We are accustomed to comfortable rooms, however, of course, this was not always the case. "Championship" found out how and where the first sports halls appeared.

Emergence. ancient greece

The history of the first gyms is inextricably linked with ancient Greece. For the Greeks, physical indicators were just as important as mental ones. That is why physical education was included in the curriculum from an early age. The Greek halls were designed so that it would be convenient to prepare there for various sports competitions, including, of course, the Olympic Games. It was a separate zone with primitive shells. Many great Greek philosophers, scientists trained, spoke and talked about the need to engage in physical activity, such as Plato, Pythagoras, Socrates. Later, classes became popular in the Roman Empire, but there the military was mainly involved in sports.

Revival of ancient ideals

After the fall of the Greco-Roman Empire, the "ancient halls" disappeared, as did the perception of the body and soul in a harmonious Greek sense. It took a long time before the gyms again became in demand and popular. The teacher Friedrich Ludwig Jahn contributed to this. At the beginning of the 19th century in Germany, Friedrich Jahn opened an open-air sports hall - Turnplatz. Jan had one reason why he decided to do this - the desire to raise the spirit of the people after the defeat in the war with France in 1806. In Turnplatz, they practiced both classic disciplines, such as running, and new ones, such as uneven bars and a gymnastic pommel horse. Later, for his contribution to the development of sports, Jan was called the "father of gymnastics."
A little later, the first halls began to appear in the UK, the USA and other countries. One of the first specialized sports halls is Roper's Gymnasium (Roper's Hall), which opened in the USA in the 1830s.

An equally important role in the development of sports simulators and gyms was played by the Swedish doctor Gustav Wilhelm Zander. Zander himself was often sick as a child, so he decided to create a simulator that would help people improve their health. In the 1860s, he opened a gym that contained 27 different types of equipment. Each of them helped to develop certain muscle groups.

At that time there was no special equipment for training, so everyone practiced in casual clothes.

It was thanks to Zander that gyms began to open around the world in 1864, and by the end of the 19th century there were about 200 of them all over the world.

In our country, the Zander case was continued by the doctor Semyon Eingorn. He ordered equipment from Sweden and opened his first hall in the early 1900s. Among the equipment in Ægon's hall were exercise machines that replaced horseback riding, insomnia machines, and more.

Business and "rocking chairs"

A little later, the French gymnast and strongman Hippolyte Triat opened his first hall in Brussels, and then in the 1840s in Paris. Unlike Friedrich Jahn's Turnplatz, which were outdoors, the halls of the Triat were huge and covered. There you could train with dumbbells and barbells. In the 1890s in Russia, the gym was opened by the athlete Yevgeny Sandov. His gym was distinguished by an unusual finish, and also mainly engaged in strength training there. Visitors practiced under the supervision of Sandov himself or one of the trainers.

It was Sandow's contemporaries who dubbed the "father of bodybuilding." He was the first in the world to organize a contest of "beautiful physique". Later, such competitions as "Mr. Olympia" appeared. Sandow contributed to the popularization of a healthy lifestyle. Strongman sold various sports equipment and diet products. He wrote several books about his training methodology, which later trained many bodybuilders, including in Russia.

In the middle of the 20th century, bodybuilding (bodybuilding) became more interesting all over the world, various competitions were more often held, and new training programs were developed. Russia has become no exception. Due to the increased popularity of bodybuilding, gyms began to open directly for strength training. The first "rocking chair" in Russia opened in the 60s in St. Petersburg, and then in Moscow and other large cities. However, bodybuilding soon began to be criticized, which is why for some time the athletes had to train in underground gyms - "rocking chairs". However, not many women were ready for strength training, so often only men were engaged in the halls. In the 20th century, they began to create and improve new simulators, which were also convenient for women. Treadmills appeared in 1952, steppers in 1983, elliptical trainers in 1995. Fitness came to Russia a little later, the first fitness room was opened in 1990 in St. Petersburg.

Musical exercise has a long history. Experts note that modern varieties of motor activity such as rhythmic, rhythmic gymnastics and related sports originate from the four "D". This refers to the initial letters of the names of the four founders of the musical rhythmic direction in gymnastics: Georges Demeny, Francois Delsarte, Isadora Duncan and Jacques Dalcroze.

Georges Demeny- French physiologist. His system of physical exercises was based on the leading importance of rhythm and harmony of movements, the rhythmic alternation of relaxation and muscle tension. The gymnastics of J. Demeny was based on the movements of free plasticity, great importance was attached to the development of dexterity and flexibility. This meant the ability to perform movements, correctness, straining the necessary muscle groups and relaxing the secondary ones. The author especially emphasized the need for continuous movement, thus laying the foundation for the method of in-line execution of exercises. After all, it was continuity, the transition from one exercise to another without stopping, that made a small miracle in the 20th century - from ordinary health-improving gymnastics he made aerobic gymnastics. This method is one of the characteristics of modern aerobics. François Delsarte(1871-1911) - is the ancestor of the direction of the expressive movement. He tried to establish a relationship between emotional experiences and facial expressions. The system of F. Delsarte, along with the ability to expressively sing, embraced the possession of gestures, facial expressions, movements and postures, which is why it was called expressive gymnastics. A well-known influence on the development of dance was provided by Isadora Duncan (1878-1927) - a famous American dancer, Irish by birth, the creator of the so-called free dance, which she contrasted with classical ballet, harmonic gymnastics by L. Alekseeva and others.

Jacques Dalcroze (1865-1950) - professor at the Geneva Conservatory. He owns the discovery of the meaning of the sense of rhythm in the physical activity of man. Initially, the system of J. Dalcroze was intended for the development of hearing and a sense of rhythm among musicians, and then it developed into a means of physical education. The basis of the method is the organic coincidence of music and movement. He managed to create a kind of musical notation of movements, with the help of which he developed a sense of rhythm in the players. In the future, from a simple help to the musician, rhythmic gymnastics moved on to the broad tasks of education through movements, that is, to physical education.

For the first time, the term aerobics (from the word aerobic - “oxygen”, physical exercises that enhance aerobic processes in the body, that is, increase the amount of oxygen consumed) was introduced in the 70s of the last century by Dr. Kenneth Cooper, a well-known American specialist in the field of physical culture. So he called his health system of physical exercises for people of all ages. In the late 60s, his book was published, at which time he was engaged in research work for the US Air Force. The studies dealt with aerobic training as a form of general physical training, that is, playing sports at an amateur level. At the beginning, K. Cooper included only traditional, typically aerobic, so-called cyclic exercises in his aerobics, i.e. when all activity consists of repeated "cycles" of movement. These are walking, running, swimming, skiing, skating, rowing, cycling. Then the list was expanded and sports games, jumping rope, horseback riding, tennis and, finally, dance aerobics found their place in it.

The beginning of the 80s was marked by a large-scale operation to introduce aerobics and commercialize this system. Not only specialists in this field, but also famous actresses enter the arena of mass physical culture. The first of these was the American movie star Jane Fonda, whose name is associated with the emergence and spread of dance aerobics in Russia in the early 80s. It was with the advent of video cassettes with her aerobics lessons that this type of physical activity appeared in our country.

Jane Fonda applied Cooper's principles to gymnastic exercises. As a result, the term "aerobics" received a new semantic content - aerobic gymnastics. It was Jane Fonda who exported American-style aerobics to many countries of the world.

Aerobics- this is a system of gymnastic, dance and other exercises performed to music by a streaming or serial-streaming method, and briefly, aerobics is a synthesis of elements of physical exercises, dance, music.

Aerobics in different countries was called differently. In our country one could often hear - rhythmic gymnastics. In France, it was called tonic gymnastics, in Czechoslovakia - jazz gymnastics, in Germany - pop gymnastics.

However, time is ruthless, and Jane Fonda's aerobics fashion has passed, but American aerobics has remained. Now entire organizations, and not just individuals, are working on the invention and popularization of aerobics in various directions. These are the American Aerobics Association, the American Aerobic Healthy Lifestyle Association, the International Dancesport Association, the International Sports Aerobics Federation, and the Russian Aerobics Federation.

There are several directions in aerobic gymnastics:

- dance- the predominance of plasticity and dance movements;

- athletic- use of standard general developmental

exercises for various muscle groups;

- mixed- equally represented athleticism and dancing.

Middle-aged and elderly women put forward health-improving tasks as the main motive (improving physical well-being, regulating body weight, preventing various diseases, getting positive emotions). In this case, they prefer athletic and mixed directions. Girls in the first place are aesthetic motives and, above all, the desire to learn how to move beautifully. For them, the dance direction is the most attractive. But as practice shows, after one or two months of regular classes, there is a significant change in motives. As the leading motives, psychoregulatory ones begin to act - this is the desire to improve one's mental well-being, get a positive emotional charge, become more confident and liberated.

In dance aerobics, elements of rhythmic and artistic gymnastics, choreography, modern dances are used, which are combined into original sports and dance compositions. Dance aerobics is not only an opportunity to improve your physical shape, but also to learn how to dance, move beautifully, form the correct gait and posture.

Depending on the prevalence of certain dance elements and combinations, various types of dance aerobics can be distinguished: jazz aerobics, funk / hip-hop aerobics, rock aerobics, latin, break aerobics, etc. This area of recreational activities has gained immense popularity around the world.

Currently, there are over 150 varieties of aerobics, as they say - aerobics for all tastes. Various groups of specialists are actively working on the development and popularization of various programs that combine elements of physical exercises of dance and music for a wide range of students. A great merit in the development and substantiation of programs for those involved in different levels of preparedness and the preparation of programs for training specialists belongs to the National School of Aerobics (USA), as well as the University of Reebok (USA) founded in 1993. In Russia, various scientific and educational institutions in Moscow (TsNII and RGAFK) and St. Petersburg (SPbGAFK and SPbSU), as well as many educational institutions and sports clubs in different regions of the country, are successfully conducting such work.

Festivals, competitions, show programs, conventions, seminars for training specialists are held in many countries of the world. The network of clubs is expanding, giant clubs are being created, such as, for example, Meridian in Europe, clubs from Ribbok, Nike and others.

In 1991 under the leadership of L.V. Sidneva, the Aerobics Federation of Russia (FAR) is being created. Currently, it has representative offices in 50 regions of Russia. The activity of the FAR is aimed at the development and popularization of recreational types of aerobics in Russia, namely:

holding holidays, festivals, competitions, conventions;

training of specialists in the types of recreational aerobics and fitness;

promoting the development of international cooperation, integration into the system of the global fitness business;

publication of scientific-methodical and journalistic literature on aerobics.

Health-improving aerobics is one of the means of health-improving physical culture and, therefore, the main effect that classes should be aimed at is the improvement of the body of those involved.

There is no strictly scientifically based and generally accepted definition of the concept of “health”. The World Health Organization defines health as “not only the absence of disease, but a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being”.

In the domestic theory of physical education, health (physical) is defined as a full-fledged physical development of an individual. And the tasks of guaranteeing health are solved together with the education of physical qualities and physical abilities derived from them, especially those whose development leads to an increase in the level of functional and adaptive capabilities of the body.

In recent years, aerobics has become more and more fans among people of all ages. It is especially popular among young people. Attracting with emotionality and similarity to modern dances, it allows you to eliminate monotony in the performance of exercises and at the same time contributes to the development of physical qualities, health promotion, and increasing the functionality of the body. Thanks to aerobics, people get rid of clumsiness, angularity, excessive shyness, correct posture, and strengthen muscles.

The purpose of aerobics is to improve health and increase the functionality of the body.

Aerobic exercises are accompanied by active metabolic processes that occur in the body. The most active physiological changes occur during the performance of the so-called aerobic physical activity. Aerobic exercise is endurance exercise that is performed at a slow pace and requires the consumption of a significant amount of oxygen for a sufficiently long time. Exercises of this type significantly improve the activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Physical exercises improve blood supply to the muscles, reduce the amount of adipose tissue. They are able to rejuvenate joints, intervertebral cartilage. Flexibility exercises combined with strength exercises are an excellent means of preventing such a common disease as osteochondrosis.

Regular physical exercises, in particular aerobics, intensively affect the digestive organs. They speed up metabolic processes, improve bowel function. With a sedentary lifestyle, the tone of not only skeletal, but also smooth muscles decreases, which leads to disruption of the functions of the gastrointestinal tract.

Exercise is especially important during the period of growth and formation of the body. Too little or too much exercise can delay bone growth, so the level of exercise must be optimal.

The tasks facing aerobics determine the content and focus of classes. Thus to main tasks should include:

Prevention of cardiovascular diseases;

Strengthening the skeletal system (bones and muscles become thicker and stronger);

Improving mental state (aerobics classes help to cope with stress);

Development of motor qualities (strength, endurance, speed, flexibility, dexterity);

Normalization of body weight, due to the activation of metabolic processes;

Education of correct posture;

Improving physical and intellectual performance;

Development of a sense of rhythm, musicality, plasticity;

Increasing interest in physical exercises and the formation of the need to systematically engage in physical culture and sports, enrichment with knowledge about outdoor activities.

This sport is popular all over the world today. It is rather difficult to give a clear answer to the question “what is fitness”, because for some fitness is a sport, for others it is a synonym for a healthy lifestyle.

Fitness is a sport that, first of all, helps to improve health, and thanks to physical activity, the figure becomes athletic and fit. In addition, such classes give a charge of vivacity, good health, self-confidence.
They can be practiced in a sports club, at home (according to a program from a glossy magazine, on TV or video). In fact, you can call fitness and daily morning exercises, and cycling, running or skiing, but still it is worth more clearly defining what fitness is and what the modern concept of it includes.

Translated from English, the expression "tobefit" means "to be in shape." In this way,

fitness is not only ordinary sports exercises, but a whole system that represents a certain regime, food culture, outlook on life, attitude towards oneself and others.

On the Internet you can find different definitions of the concept of "fitness". Here is one of them: fitness is an active lifestyle that combines sports with proper rational nutrition, which as a result gives a good mood, excellent health, and good health.

History of origin and development

Even in ancient times, people realized that they needed fitness for survival. The primitive man had to be in good physical shape in order to hunt animals (sometimes for several days). Such activities as running, jumping, squatting, tilting, various physical exercises in primitive society were still unconscious, but necessary for survival. With the development of agriculture and the appearance of various tools, domestic animals, human life became easier, but there was no less work, which means that there was no need to think about additional physical activity at that time.

The history of fitness can be traced back to ancient civilizations. Previously, it was possible to associate physical activity with human well-being, that is, those who worked hard lived well. Chinese wisdom said that whoever works hard does not get sick. And today we can agree with this statement, since physical activity can save a person from almost all diseases.

India

Yoga is developing in India, a teaching that is still popular today and has admirers and followers all over the world. In yoga, all classes have a spiritual focus based on the beliefs of Buddhism and Judaism. This teaching developed gradually, and the moment when yoga became more associated with physical exercises can be considered the birth of fitness that is familiar to us. That is, the material capabilities of a person are harmoniously combined with his spiritual forces.

Persia

Fitness continues to develop actively in the Persian Empire, Sparta and other states where physically trained military men were required. Not only men, but also women, had to have a good physical and spiritual form, for the birth of healthy offspring.

Greece

Quite a lot is known about the physical development of man in ancient Greece. It was the Greeks who believed that being in good physical shape and good health was no less important than having great knowledge in various fields. Musical art and gymnastics arose in the Greek state. The combination of physical exercises with pleasant music became the combination that gave the body a harmonious development.

The Greeks sought to achieve unity between soul and body. A comprehensively developed person for that time was a combination of a thinker and an athlete. An attempt to improve athletics and gave impetus to the development of fitness. But at that time, such activities were the privilege of the elite.

Germany

During the Renaissance, fitness also took place. So, in the 18th century, its revival took place in Germany thanks to Friedrich Jan, who was sure that it was precisely the lack of physical health among the citizens of his country that was a defeat in the event of an enemy invasion of the country. And that is why physical activity, a healthy lifestyle are important for every inhabitant of Germany.

USA

The history of fitness today originates in the United States of America, where they began to produce programs, exercises and give the first sports training. It is known that during the Second World War, American soldiers pulled themselves up on the crossbar, strengthening the muscles of the press, which also contributed to the development of this direction.

So, we can say with confidence that the birthplace of modern fitness is America. The English word "fitness" in translation means "fitness", "suitability", "fitness".

Our days

Modern fitness is a system of physical health training, a competitive discipline, the essence of which lies in demonstrating human health (physical, mental) through readiness for physical work. For example, the goal of bodybuilding is to build muscle mass and demonstrate your inflated body in competitions from this sport. In any traditional sport, high results are achieved due to serious loads on certain muscle groups. In fitness, the goal is to “prove” to the judges and to yourself that you have good physical health, good mood, visual attractiveness and are in good shape.

Reasons for development

Three reasons influenced the formation of modern fitness:

obesity of the American nation;
fight against anabolic steroids;
many masculine women in bodybuilding competitions.

M. Beckman, J. Sorens, J. Fonda contributed to the development of fitness among Americans. They created training programs that ultimately improved not only the body, but also the soul.

Differences from shaping

It is worth emphasizing that the concepts of fitness and shaping are not synonymous and differ. Shaping was a fitness option in the Soviet Union, but had the following requirements: adherence to a diet (a certain system), good stomach function. In our country, at the end of the 80s of the 20th century, fitness was practiced in sports clubs, houses of culture, and schools. Physical exercises, regular sports training were an excellent basis for maintaining a good sports shape.

Made for you

It's safe to say that fitness was created as a sport and as a way to get fit.

Fitness classes are useful, namely:

the physical condition improves (the work of the cardiac system improves, muscles become stronger, coordination of movements develops, flexibility and mobility appear);
improves mood, reduces irritation and stress.

Fitness is constantly evolving and training methods are improving. Because our health is an integral part of simple human happiness.

Yekaterinburg Institute of Physical Culture (branch)

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

Higher education

"Ural State University of Physical Culture"

TEST

TIM fitness technology

History of fitness in Russia

Completed by: student of the group

AZB1432 Priymak O.A.

Checked by: Khorkova A.P.

Yekaterinburg 2016

Bibliography:

1. Edward T. Hawley, B. Don Franks. Health Fitness Instructor's Guide. Kyiv

2. Aerobics. Theory and methods of conducting classes: Textbook for students of higher educational institutions of physical culture / Ed. E. B. Myakinchenko, M. P. Shestakova. – M.: TVT Division, 2006. – 304 p.

3. Kim N.K., Fitness and aerobics. - M.: RIPOL CLASSIC, 2001. - 176 p.

4. Shenfield B., Fitness for a beautiful body. - M .: Publishing house EKSMO - Press, 2002 - 160 p.

5. Putkisto M., Stretching: a method of deep stretching: Per. from English. / M. Putkisto. - M .: LLC Publishing House "Sofia", 2003. - 175 p.

Some people think that the history of fitness is no more than a century old. But in fact, its roots go back to the ancient world, because even then people loved and knew how to take care of their bodies. But their methods were somewhat different from modern ones. ANCIENT FITNESS The need for additional physical exercises to maintain a good shape appeared in people relatively recently. In ancient times, such a problem could not even be considered as urgent. People suffered more from hunger than from the effects of overeating. Good physical shape was developed with the help of hard physical labor and hunting. The weak simply did not survive. ANTIQUE SPORT The history of fitness, in the modern sense of the word, began in ancient Greece. The human body was his "calling card". The general philosophy was the desire for perfection, including physical perfection. Boys, and in some cities, such as Sparta, also girls, from childhood studied in palestras - special schools where they learned to run, jump, throw a spear and discus, wrestle and ride chariots. At a more mature age, everyone continued to improve their body on their own. Regularly held competitions were a good stimulus. It is interesting that many famous scientists, doctors, people of art of that time also became famous as athletes. Plato, Socrates, Euripides, Sophocles, even Pythagoras - they were all proud of their sporting achievements no less than their philosophical ones. A separate chapter of the ancient world is the Olympic Games. They were so important that wars were stopped for the duration of them, and no one had the right to touch the messengers who spread the news of upcoming competitions. And they didn’t touch it ... It is also necessary to mention another interesting phenomenon of ancient Greece - the terms. In them, visitors could go in for sports, take a steam bath, swim in a pool with warm or cool water. Also, masseurs and other body beauty specialists worked at many thermal baths. Visitors to the term spent a lot of time in them, communicating with the inhabitants of the city. Thus, the terms were the closest in spirit to modern fitness clubs. It was in Antiquity that fitness had a meaning close to modern. It was the art of a healthy life, combining sports, the right way of life, harmony with the world and with each other. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT Unfortunately, after Antiquity, fitness lost its value for a long time. Pampered Rome did not want to abuse the load, including physical. Sports were practiced only by professionals, warriors and wrestlers. In the Middle Ages, the situation only worsened. Ordinary rural and urban residents had neither the time nor the desire to engage in their physical form. The only exception is military and knightly culture. Boys of a high class were prepared for further service, developing their physical abilities. Running, fencing, horseback riding were available only to a few, but they were highly valued. And the Renaissance, with its love for everything ancient, revived interest in physical culture as well. OUR TIME An important role in the history of the development of fitness was played by fisticuffs and strongmen who traveled to cities with circuses and earned money by demonstrating their physical form and strength. Perhaps it was this primitive bodybuilding that shaped the interest in modeling one's own body. And in 1903 the book "Bodybuilding" was published, which gave rise to a whole layer of world culture. But it still remained a rather rare hobby. America has become the birthplace of fitness, in the modern sense. And the reason was rather sad factors. The growth of prosperity has led to a catastrophic deterioration in the physical condition of citizens and the number of cases of obesity, including in children. Studies conducted in the 1950s showed that more than 50% of school-age children have unsatisfactory physical shape, unable to cope even with average standards. In France at the same time, this figure was about 10%. The situation became even more aggravated by the 70s, when doctors began to sound the alarm. Physical inactivity, malnutrition, obesity - they were the cause of unfavorable statistics for many diseases and overall mortality. The answer was the government program for the formation of physical culture and a healthy lifestyle. Its important component was the accessibility of fitness for all residents. Not only have thousands of sports clubs appeared in the country, but programs have also been developed for people of different sex, age, physical fitness and health status. It was important to form a new image of an ideal man and an ideal woman - strong, athletic, fit, tanned. It was they who settled in the minds of society for a long time. Now, in order to be successful, you had to work on your body, both in the gym and outside it. DOMESTIC HISTORY In Russia, the attitude to sports has always been special. So for a young socialist country it was important to have a strong and healthy population, which, if necessary, could defend it with arms in hand. Physical culture was inculcated from childhood. The schools had compulsory physical education lessons, there were many competitions between classes, districts, cities. Sports were available to anyone who wanted to play them, regardless of age. Numerous circles and sections provided such an opportunity. Separately, it is worth mentioning the "TRP" program - "Ready for Labor and Defense", within the framework of which competitions were held for various age groups, from 10 to 60 years old. We can say that fitness in the Soviet Union was developing even then. Nobody knew such a word, but the “fashion” for sporting achievements and a healthy lifestyle reigned even then. FITNESS IN MODERN RUSSIA A new chapter in the history of fitness in Russia opened with the weakening of the Iron Curtain. Along with cheap action films and horror films, the first cassettes with bodybuilding training programs also penetrated the Soviet Union. But weightlifting back then had a Western flavor, which meant it was illegal. Already in the late 80s, semi-legal "rocking chairs" began to appear - primitive gyms in which young people learned to build and strengthen muscles. Their dawn came in the 90s. But along with the success of the rocking chairs, they received a negative image with a clear criminal connotation. At the same time, another fitness began to develop: official and prosperous. In 1989, the first fitness club opened in the USSR. It happened in Leningrad, with the active participation of the largest network of fitness clubs in Sweden. The card was quite expensive, which formed a certain circle of visitors. However, demand greatly exceeded supply, and soon there were more such establishments. Gradually, between prestigious fitness clubs and semi-legal rocking chairs, an extensive layer of establishments accessible to a wide range of establishments appeared. As a rule, they provide a more modest range of services, but make sports accessible to the majority. It is difficult to say how the history of fitness will develop further, but so far there is not the slightest prerequisite for it to go out of fashion. On the contrary, more and more people are aware of the need for a healthy lifestyle, which primarily includes sports.

Introduction

The concept of " fitness" firmly established in our vocabulary. Everyone, from grandmothers to young children, knows that exercising is fitness, and sport- this is when competitions, the desire to win and achieve high results, requiring increased mobilization of the physical, mental and moral qualities of a person, these are awards, prizes. There are awards in fitness too. First of all, it is good health, strong muscles and good mood. I often have to give lectures on fitness, a healthy lifestyle, speak at various forums, conferences, and usually they ask me: “what does fitness, aerobics mean, and where did they come from?” The history of this phenomenon of modern society will help us understand what fitness, aerobics and "what they eat" are.

The history of the development of world and Russian fitness

Fitness (English fitness - lit. "(fitness", "fitness", "fitness"), a system of health-improving physical training and a competitive discipline, the essence of which is to demonstrate a person's physical and mental health through his readiness for physical work.

Fitness is a vivid example of the fact that everything new is a well-forgotten old. From time immemorial, people have been pleased to look at a beautiful human body: the problem of how to form and maintain a figure has always worried, even when no one has heard of the word "fitness".

In ancient Greek times, there was a cult of harmony, perfection of soul and body, and therefore Plato won the Olympic Games, Sophocles and Euripides received awards not only for their works, but also for sports achievements, and the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates was a guarantee of human health along with nutrition and lifestyle called regular physical activity. Already at that time, athletics became a profession: athletes devoted all their time to training in order to become the best once every four years, to win the Olympic Games, which were held at that time on a huge field in the city of Olympia in the Western Peloponnese.

In those days, there were also prototypes of modern fitness clubs - places where you can not only work out, but also visit a bathhouse, discuss the latest news with friends, and relax. These were the ancient Roman baths - huge complexes that combined gyms, beauty salons and SPA centers.

With the oblivion of ancient culture, the tradition of clubs was also interrupted. In medieval Europe, it was customary to devote much less time to caring for one's body, and, in general, it was not customary to expose it and admire it.

Mankind had to revive ancient traditions at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Scientific and technological progress has made life easier for people to such an extent that physical inactivity began to threaten the health of many employees. And therefore, various gymnastic schools arise in European countries, each in its own way forcing the muscles of the human body to work. And in 1896, the ancient Greek ideals finally returned to European society - Pierre de Coubertin revived the Olympic Games. In America, bodybuilding arises, in France - bodybuilding; adherents of these currents with the help of special exercises build up and develop muscles, make their body toned and embossed.

The next page in the history of fitness is connected with World War II, when American soldiers not only trained to maintain good physical shape, but also paid attention to working on individual muscle groups. The exercises they invented later formed the basis of some modern fitness programs.

And, finally, fitness became a really popular hobby across the ocean about thirty years ago. In the 70s of the last century, the American government became concerned about the health of its people: it turned out that all the physical activity of the inhabitants of the United States consisted in training fingers on the TV buttons, and working with heavy weights was lifting bottles of beer. This state of affairs did not please the country's leadership, and it was decided to tear citizens away from the blue screen, promoting a healthy lifestyle in every possible way. The role of a panacea in this program was given to fitness: a special Fitness Council was even created, consisting of politicians and professional athletes. Today we can say that this program was a success: now more than ten million Americans regularly visit fitness clubs.

Fitness appeared in Russia quite recently, about a decade and a half ago. Of course, the cult of the beautiful body of the builders of communism existed in the 30s, there was school and industrial gymnastics in the 50-70s. During these times, sports sections, clubs were available to everyone, even if they did not strive to achieve sports heights. The concept of "physical culture" is also partly a prototype of modern fitness programs.

However, with the end of the Soviet period, sports complexes and stadiums are gradually turning into markets, and the former system of physical education is falling into decay. By the beginning of the 90s, the citizens of our country, tired of reforms and inflation, completely forgot about their appearance. However, it was at this time that various fashion trends began to penetrate from abroad, one of which was the idea of how important it is to look successful, that is, in addition to neat expensive clothes, also have a beautiful athletic figure. And therefore, one of the attributes of Western life that came to Russia in those years was fitness. He came to us both on video cassettes with recordings of programs, and in the form of practical classes, master classes, to which American fitness gurus began to come to us. In the West, by that time, various programs had already been created, a lot of experience had been gained, which we were able to use. People were told how to eat right, how to take care of their bodies, how many hours to exercise to achieve a particular effect. It turned out that for a long time there have been special methods that take into account the physiological characteristics of men and women, for people of different ages and physiques.

Since then, many fitness clubs have opened all over Russia. Specialists develop individual programs that include elements of various types of fitness: aerobics, wrestling, callanetics, exercises on simulators - to achieve optimal load and best results. Nowadays, visiting sports centers has already become a sign of good taste.

PUMP - fitness

So, let's consider one of the modern types of fitness - pump.

Pump fitness is a type of strength training during which a special bar is used. The weight of this neck should be from 2 to 18 kilograms. All exercises during training are performed to very pleasant, rhythmic music, but at the same time there are no dance movements in this type of fitness, they are completely excluded. Instead of dancing, those involved will have to perform bending and bench presses, squats, and other endurance exercises. This type of fitness is not only chosen by men today, despite the fact that much attention is paid to strength training. This type of exercise is perfect for those who do not have the inclination and desire to engage in dance aerobics.

The benefit of the new pump fitness is that this type of activity helps to improve coordination, and also helps to improve the sense of balance. If you regularly attend such workouts, over time, literally any muscle groups are perfectly worked out, and, in addition, the work of the cardiovascular system of the body is stabilized. Pump-fitness will help and create a beautiful body relief. This is a very successful direction, especially since there is a category of people who absolutely do not like to work out in gyms, but rather prefer strength training. Such people will just like pump fitness.

We also note that pump fitness helps to burn fat perfectly. During exercise, a person’s muscle mass only grows, and accordingly, metabolism increases and more energy is consumed. Therefore, everyone who wants to lose weight will be able to do this while doing pump fitness. And there is no need to fear that instead of extra pounds, too pronounced muscle mass will appear. After a few months of training, she definitely will not appear. And when the relief of the body begins to change, it will not spoil the figure, but will only give it a beautiful look. Moreover, with the help of such exercises, you can additionally adjust your body a little. Everyone knows that there are practically no ideal figures by nature. But the existing shortcomings with the right approach can be somewhat corrected. The figure after several months of training becomes toned and strict.

Both men and women can do pump fitness, as noted above. Moreover, both those and those today are happy to go to such training. And they read that this is just the kind of fitness that has been missing for so long in a large list of different variations of sports training. Age, in general, also does not really matter, the main thing is that you have both the strength and the desire to do it. But, there are some contraindications for this type of fitness, so you first need to consult a doctor. So, it is strictly forbidden to attend pump fitness training for people who have problems with the spine and varicose veins. The reasons are quite clear - this type of fitness involves a fairly strong load on the legs and back. And once again it is not recommended to load a sore back.

Those people who do not have a very high level of physical fitness should also be attentive to the first workouts. You need to be prepared for the fact that the whole lesson is carried out at a fairly fast pace. And not everyone can handle that pace. So for the first lessons, do not grab a heavy barbell, but choose the lightest one to start with. Moreover, this also applies to those who have good physical fitness, but for the first time came to pump fitness classes. You need to gradually try your hand to avoid injury, discomfort.

How to prepare for pump fitness? Here, in principle, everything is simple. This sport does not imply a special type of clothing. You just need to be comfortable and not hinder movement. So your favorite sweatpants and T-shirt are perfect for exercising. Shoes for training should be very high quality, comfortable and soft. This is where you need to be more careful about the choice so that pump fitness is as successful as possible. Experts believe that fitness sneakers would be ideal for training.

The training itself takes about 45-60 minutes. The exercise is monitored by a professional trainer, who periodically adjusts the exercises for everyone. First, a small warm-up is performed. After that, the main part of the training is carried out, and then relaxation exercises follow. Trainings are held no more than 2 times a week. It cannot be said that this type of fitness is easy and accessible from the first lessons to everyone. Pump fitness is hard, but don't be intimidated. What’s more, the results are amazing. Today, for many people, it was pump fitness that showed the basics of power aerobics, allowed them to keep their figure in great shape, and helped to improve their well-being. But in return, he requires regularity, a desire to work on himself and time. And a good athlete always has such opportunities.

Exercises

Squat. Take the barbell on your shoulders. Keep your hands up.

Leaning on your heels, take your pelvis back. Bending your knees, squat down until your thighs are parallel to the floor. Keep your back straight and look forward.

Rise, also leaning on your heels. Do not fully straighten your knees.

Press from the chest.

This exercise should be done while lying on a raised platform. Lie down on the step platform, bend your knees, leaving your feet on the floor. Hold the bar with straight arms above the midline of the chest. Then begin to bend your arms, directing your elbows to the sides. (Bend angle - 90 degrees).

Lower the bar to the middle of your chest. Exhale. Start raising your hands up. fitness pump strength training

French press.

Lie down on the step-platform, pressing your back and shoulder blades against the surface. Lower your feet to the floor shoulder-width apart, bend your knees. The hands with the bar should be directed upwards perpendicular to the floor. Hold the bar with a narrow grip - the distance between the hands is no more than two thumbs.

Bending your elbows, lower the bar to the level of your forehead. Then straighten your arms, leaving your elbows slightly bent. Shoulders and elbows should be parallel to each other. The lower back cannot be torn off the platform.

Conclusion

So, let's make a conclusion. The modern form of fitness - "pump" is undoubtedly very interesting and unusual. It is suitable for both men and women. The uniqueness of the workout only strengthens the interest of classes. Nowadays, the fitness pump is gaining a lot of popularity among various types of training. I really liked the uniqueness of the trainings, and I myself will attend such trainings with pleasure.

Plan:

1. Introduction

2. History of fitness

3. The history of the development of world and Russian fitness

4. Definition

5. PUMP - fitness

6. Exercise

7. Conclusion

8. References

The need for additional physical exercises to maintain a good shape appeared in people relatively recently.

In ancient times, such a problem could not even be considered as urgent. People suffered more from hunger than from the effects of overeating. Good physical shape was developed with the help of hard physical labor and hunting. The weak simply did not survive.

antique sports

The history of fitness, in the modern sense of the word, began in ancient Greece. The human body was his "calling card". The general philosophy was the desire for perfection, including physical perfection.

Boys, and in some cities, such as Sparta, also girls, from childhood studied in palestras - special schools where they learned to run, jump, throw a spear and discus, wrestle and ride chariots.

At a more mature age, everyone continued to improve their body on their own. Regularly held competitions were a good stimulus. It is interesting that many famous scientists, doctors, people of art of that time also became famous as athletes. Plato, Socrates, Euripides, Sophocles, even Pythagoras - they were all proud of their sporting achievements no less than their philosophical ones.

A separate chapter of the ancient world is the Olympic Games. They were so important that wars were stopped for the duration of them, and no one had the right to touch the messengers who spread the news of upcoming competitions. And they didn't touch...

It is also necessary to mention another interesting phenomenon of ancient Greece - terms. In them, visitors could go in for sports, take a steam bath, swim in a pool with warm or cool water. Also, masseurs and other body beauty specialists worked at many thermal baths. Visitors to the term spent a lot of time in them, communicating with the inhabitants of the city. Thus, the terms were the closest in spirit to modern fitness clubs.

It was in Antiquity that fitness had a meaning close to modern. It was the art of a healthy life, combining sports, the right way of life, harmony with the world and with each other.

Read also: Pressotherapy of various parts of the body

Further development

Unfortunately, after Antiquity, fitness lost its value for a long time. Pampered Rome did not want to abuse the load, including physical. Sports were practiced only by professionals, warriors and wrestlers.

In the Middle Ages, the situation only worsened. Ordinary rural and urban residents had neither the time nor the desire to engage in their physical form.

The only exception is military and knightly culture. Boys of a high class were prepared for further service, developing their physical abilities. Running, fencing, horseback riding were available only to a few, but they were highly valued. And the Renaissance, with its love for everything ancient, revived interest in physical culture as well.

Nowadays

An important role in the history of the development of fitness was played by fisticuffs and strongmen who traveled to cities with circuses and earned money by demonstrating their physical fitness and strength. Perhaps it was this primitive bodybuilding that shaped the interest in modeling one's own body. And in 1903 the book "Bodybuilding" was published, which gave rise to a whole layer of world culture. But it still remained a rather rare hobby.

America has become the birthplace of fitness, in the modern sense. And the reason was rather sad factors. The growth of prosperity has led to a catastrophic deterioration in the physical condition of citizens and the number of cases of obesity, including in children. Studies conducted in the 1950s showed that more than 50% of school-age children have unsatisfactory physical shape, unable to cope even with average standards. In France at the same time, this figure was about 10%.

The situation became even more aggravated by the 70s, when doctors began to sound the alarm. Physical inactivity, malnutrition, obesity - they were the cause of unfavorable statistics for many diseases and overall mortality. The answer was the government program for the formation of physical culture and a healthy lifestyle.

Its important component was the accessibility of fitness for all residents. Not only have thousands of sports clubs appeared in the country, but programs have also been developed for people of different sex, age, physical fitness and health status.

It was important to form a new image of an ideal man and an ideal woman - strong, athletic, fit, tanned. It was they who settled in the minds of society for a long time. Now, in order to be successful, you had to work on your body, both in the gym and outside it.

National history

In Russia, the attitude to sports has always been special. So for a young socialist country it was important to have a strong and healthy population, which, if necessary, could defend it with arms in hand.

Physical culture was inculcated from childhood. The schools had compulsory physical education lessons, there were many competitions between classes, districts, cities. Sports were available to anyone who wanted to play them, regardless of age. Numerous circles and sections provided such an opportunity. Separately, it is worth mentioning the "TRP" program - "Ready for Labor and Defense", within the framework of which competitions were held for various age groups, from 10 to 60 years old.