Sources of tendon grafts. Big Medical Encyclopedia Long palmar muscle, how many percent have survived

It is a short spindle-shaped abdomen and a very long tendon, stretching almost from the elbow to the wrist. Oddly enough, 14% of people simply do not have it.

Anatomical experts argue that the absence of this tendon does not affect grip strength in any way. However, in case of any specific injury, when a transplant is needed, it is a good source - a kind of spare part in the human body.

To check if you have it, gather all five fingers into a pinch and bend your wrist - the tendon is clearly visible in the wrist area, provided that it is present. In other mammals, this same tendon is responsible for extending the claws. Apparently, this is why some people do not have it - there is no need to release claws in our species.

Tendons can look very different from person to person. Just as individual is the number of tendons and muscles.

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Incredible Facts

Some organs in the human body exist not because they serve a purpose, but because they were useful to our ancestors.

They remained as rudiments - physiological remnants of our evolutionary past.

Take a closer look and you will see that they make sense in terms of evolution by natural selection.

The structure of the human body

long palmar muscle

The long palmar muscle is a vestigial muscle of the forearm. This is a group of muscles that runs from the base of the palm up the arm.

It can be found among many mammals, but it is most developed in those who often use their forearms for movement, such as monkeys and lemurs. 10-15 percent of people no longer have this muscle, sometimes it is present in only one arm., although this does not affect the compression force.

Often this muscle is removed by surgeons when plastic surgery is required in other parts of the body.

Anterior, superior and posterior ear muscle

Some people can wiggle their ears. The muscles that enable them to do this are vestigial: the anterior auricular, superior auricular, and posterior auricular muscle.

These same muscles allow other mammals to move their ears to hear sounds better and to identify their source.

In fact, people try to move their ears in the direction of the sound, but these movements are very small and can be picked up with electrodes.

Goosebumps

When we are cold, tiny the muscles attached to the hairs on our body contract and lift the hairs, which causes goosebumps on the skin.

In furry mammals, this creates better insulation and a more intimidating appearance in case of danger. Emotional music can also cause goosebumps, as it is triggered by the fight-or-flight response associated with the release of adrenaline.

Coccyx

The coccyx is also a relic of our ancestors' tail.

Each of us had a tail at some point in our development - around the fourth week of fetal development. Human embryos are very similar to those of other vertebrates, including the tail. However, in humans and other primates, tail cells are programmed to die.

Ecology of life. Cognitively: 200 muscles are included in the work with just one step. The heart, the most enduring muscle in the body, works constantly. Muscles grow and train...

200 muscles are included in the work with just one step. The heart, the most enduring muscle in the body, works constantly. Muscles grow and train, tons of sports literature have been written about them. We will tell you the most interesting.

1. How many muscles in total?

In total, there are from 640 to 850 muscles in the human body. During a simple walk, the body uses up to 200 muscles. Muscle tissue is 15% denser and heavier than fat, so a trained person can outperform a full but unathletic person of the same height in weight. Muscles account for an average of 40% of body weight.

2. The most-most muscles

The most enduring human muscle is the heart, the shortest is the stirrup (it strains the eardrum in the ear). Its length is 1.27 mm. The longest muscle in the human body is the sartorius. The fastest muscle is the blinking muscle. There are different opinions about which muscle of the body is the strongest. It is often said that the most powerful muscle is the tongue, but the tongue is made up of several muscles, so this view is false. Chewing muscles are very strong (their pressure can reach 100 kilograms), as well as calves and gluteal muscles.

3. Such different muscles

Human muscles are not the same. Therefore, they need to be trained in different ways, and the recovery time for different muscle groups is different. The triceps recover the fastest, the back muscles the slowest. This must be taken into account during training, the muscles need rest no less than the load, since the growth of muscle fibers occurs due to the effect of supercompensation. Full muscle recovery occurs only 48 hours after intense exercise.

4. Muscle Endurance

Endurance - the ability of a muscle to maintain performance over time. The most enduring muscle of the human body, as we have said, is the heart. According to doctors, the "margin of safety" of the average heart is at least 100 years. Muscles begin to tire when they run out of glycogen, and fatigue is also due to the large amount of calcium in the muscles. Previously, it was believed that the main culprit of fatigue is lactic acid. Columbia University conducted a study in which mice swam daily for three weeks and cyclists exercised for three days. It turned out that after exercise in the chemical structure of the ryanodine receptor, which is responsible for muscle contraction, serious changes occurred - a gap appeared in the cell membrane through which calcium seeped into muscle cells.

5. Muscles and emotions

It is known that the movement of facial muscles is directly related to human emotions. At the beginning of the last century, the Russian scientist Ivan Sikorsky compiled a classification of facial expressions: the muscles around the eyes are responsible for the expression of mental phenomena, the muscles around the mouth are for the expression of acts of will, and all the muscles of the face express feelings. In 2011, scientists managed to discover that human facial expressions occur long before birth. Even during the prenatal period, the child is already able to move facial muscles, smile, raise eyebrows in surprise or frown. The facial muscles make up 25% of the total number of muscles, while smiling, 17 muscle groups are involved, during anger or crying - 43. One of the best ways to maintain smooth skin on the face is kissing. With them, from 29 to 34 muscle groups work.

6. Muscles and genes

Amazingly, muscle training has an impact not only on the person himself, but also on his genes. They undergo modifications that further help the muscle fibers to be ready for new loads. In order to prove or disprove this, scientists from the University of Aarhus recruited a focus group of 20 volunteers and conducted a 20-minute aerobic exercise on an exercise bike with them. After the study, a quadriceps biopsy was taken from the subjects to see how the genes had changed in their cells. It turned out that physical activity activates genes related to muscles. This is because cells store DNA with the help of methyl groups. If they are removed, the gene information is converted into enzymes and proteins, which are necessary for burning calories, gaining muscle mass and consuming oxygen. After the experiment, the number of methyl groups decreased in all participants in the study - that is, the muscles adapted to an increase in metabolism.

7. Muscles and telepathy

A simple person is not able to establish control over all the muscles of the body, therefore, unconscious muscle contractions can serve as an indicator of hidden thoughts or intended actions for knowledgeable people. High-level psychologists and "telepaths" can benefit from knowledge of these processes. Wolf Messing, one of the most famous telepaths, explained his phenomenal abilities not by magic, but by a thorough knowledge of the work of human muscles. He said: “This is not mind reading, but, so to speak, “muscle reading” ... When a person thinks hard about something, brain cells transmit impulses to all the muscles of the body.”

8. Long palmar muscle

Only one in six people on earth have long palmar muscles on both hands. Some have them on only one of their hands. These muscle fibers are responsible for the release of claws in animals. A person, of course, does not need such a function. The long palmar muscles are thus a vestige used by surgeons, if necessary, as a material for muscle transplantation.

9. Muscles and chocolate

Oddly enough, one of the most beneficial foods for the heart and muscles in general is dark chocolate. Research conducted at Wayne University in Detroit revealed the effect of the substance epicatechin contained in dark chocolate on the growth of mitochondria in muscle cells. Scientists at the University of L'Aquila also conducted a study in which they gave subjects 100 grams of chocolate for 15 days and measured their blood pressure. During the experiment, blood pressure normalized in people, blood circulation improved. Accordingly, moderate consumption of dark chocolate can be considered as a prevention of heart disease and atherosclerosis.

10. Muscle Loss

Muscles don't last forever. After 40 years, they begin to be actively burned, a person begins to lose from 2 to 3 percent of muscle tissue per year, after 60 years - up to 5%. Therefore, training in adulthood is no less important than in youth. published

Musculus palmaris longus

n. medianus (C VII-C VIII)

stretches the palmar aponeurosis and takes part in flexion of the hand

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long palmar muscle(lat. Musculus palmaris longus) - has a short spindle-shaped abdomen and a very long tendon. Lies directly under the skin, inward from the flexor carpi radialis. It starts from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, intermuscular septum and fascia of the forearm and, approaching the hand, passes into a wide palmar aponeurosis.

Function

Stretches the palmar aponeurosis and flexes the hand.

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Notes

The long palmar muscle is a relatively thin superficial muscle of the forearm of the anterior group, located centrally. This muscle originates from the common flexor tendon on the medial epicondyle of the humerus, forming a fusiform muscular belly between the flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris.

The structure of the long palmar muscle can vary from client to client, but in most cases this muscle lies over the flexor tendon retinaculum in the wrist. The distal tendon attaches to the flexor retinaculum and then enters the triangular palmar aponeurosis. Just like the subcutaneous muscle of the neck, located on the front surface of the neck, the long palmar muscle attaches to soft tissues, and not to bone.

Since the long palmar muscle is located centrally in the forearm, it does not participate in abduction or adduction of the wrist. The main work of this muscle is to flex the wrist and tension the palmar fascia, aponeurosis - a plexus of connective tissue that attaches to the base of the second, third, fourth and fifth metacarpal bones. This structure protects the underlying flexor tendons of the fingers and strengthens the skin of the palm. When tensed, the palmar fascia helps cup the palm. This provides grip strength when holding objects in the hand.

Since the long palmar muscle originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, it is involved in flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint. However, it does not participate in this movement as intensively as the biceps brachii, brachialis and brachioradialis muscles. This muscle helps maintain joint stability when the elbow is close to full extension. Examples of movements in this position are swinging a club when playing golf, throwing a ball, or hitting from behind the head, for example, when chopping wood with an ax. Its most common dysfunction is fibrosis of the palmar aponeurosis, also known as Dupuytren's contracture. With the development of this disease, there is a limitation of mobility when extending the fingers, especially when extending the ring and little fingers. There may also be superficial trigger points, a tingling sensation in the palm that radiates to the base of the thumb but not to the fingers themselves. Also, clients may note painful sensitivity of the palm and difficulty in holding objects.

Activities that require a person to grasp or apply pressure to the palm (such as walking with a cane) exacerbate these symptoms. To prevent the development and get rid of these problems, it is necessary to restore the physiological range of mobility, relieve muscle tension and improve blood flow in this muscle, as well as get rid of adhesions in the palmar fascia.

Palpation of the long palmar muscle

Position: the client lies on his back, the forearm is in the supination position.

1. Passively bend your arm at the elbow, then bend the palm of your wrist to relax the muscles.

2. Locate the medial epicondyle and flexor tendon with your thumb.

3. Move distally and medially along the muscular belly of the palmar longus muscle.

4. Ask the client to dome their palms while resisting this movement at the base of the fingers and thumb to determine the exact location.

EXERCISE FOR CLIENTS AT HOME

WRIST EXTENSION STRETCH

1. Stand or sit, extend your arm forward with your palm up.

2. Slightly bend your arm at the elbow, and with the other hand pull down the fingers of the outstretched hand to feel a slight stretch in the muscles of the palm and wrist.

3. Try to stretch more intensively, gradually unbending the arm at the elbow.

4. Stretch until you feel the release of muscle tension in the palm and hand.